<p>The Wintersmith Park Historic District, known locally as simply Wintersmith Park, is a historic district located at 18th Street and Scenic Drive in Ada, Oklahoma. The park includes a lake, a lodge, bridges, trails, courts and a public amphitheater. The area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The park is named for Frances Wintersmith.</p><br>
<h2>Location and activities</h2><br>
<p>Wintersmith Park is located on the southeastern edge of Ada. It is south of 18th Street, east of Scenic Drive and west of Country Club Road. The park contains 150 acre of land, Wintersmith Lake, a public swimming pool and splash park, a lodge, courts for basketball, softball, volleyball and horseshoes, a 1.5 mi lighted trail, eight picnic pavilions, a playground, a zoo, and a Kiwanis amusement park as well as bridges, trails and a public amphitheater.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wintersmith Park was a "New Deal" work program, created during the Great Depression by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to improve communities and provide wages for unemployed people. Work began on the park in 1933 when the young men of camp number 824 arrived in Ada. The men were paid a monthly wage of $30.</p><br>
<p>The Wintersmith project was unique among New Deal projects as it was the first time the National Park Service (NPS) would be working with the CCC on a project. The NPS usually worked only on the country’s national parks.</p><br>
<p>The combined team would work for more than a year to transform 143 acre on Ada’s eastern edge. They built a lake, a lodge, bridges, trails and, perhaps most remarkably, a public amphitheater.</p><br>
<h3>Public Amphitheater</h3><br>
<p>Built into a naturally occurring slope on the parks south edge, the amphitheater consists of natural stone found in the park and stone quarried from nearby Fittstown, Oklahoma. A crew of stonemasons worked for three months to complete the project.</p><br>
<p>When completed in 1934, the amphitheater was arguably one of the most distinctive places in Oklahoma. The amphitheatre served as host for many community events, including plays, musicals, public speaking, beauty pageants, talent shows and community sings.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, however, the amphitheater had slid into disrepair. Frequent use, low level of maintenance and the elements combined to press the amphitheater into a worn out state. The cap stones that serve as seats were often broken, cracked or missing. The risers holding up the seats had suffered significant erosion damage. The barrier walls on the north and sound ends of the amphitheater were compromised or sometimes missing altogether.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Marvin Kroeker, a longtime Ada resident and East Central University history professor emeritus, hoped to save the amphitheater and bring it back to its former glory. In 2000, Dr. Kroeker took Oklahoma State Historic Preservation Office deputy Melvena Heisch on a tour of the park and the amphitheater. He sought to convince Mrs. Heisch to nominate the amphitheater for designation on the National Register of Historic Places. After the tour, Mrs. Heisch determined the entire Wintersmith area, to be known as the Wintersmith historic district, should be nominated for the Register. The park, including the amphitheater, was accepted for the Register in June 2000.</p><br>
<p>Following the designation, Dr. Kroeker saw the opportunity to solicit funding from the Oklahoma Centennial Commission for restoration of the amphitheater. The Ada city council voted to designate the amphitheater Ada’s Oklahoma Centennial project and made the application for funding from the Centennial Commission. The Centennial Commission accepted the amphitheater project application, and the project was funded with $150,000 of commission grants.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the amphitheater has begun. Student and adult volunteers have cleaned up the amphitheater and took down weeds and undergrowth. Dirt contractors have moved the earth to help protect the area from erosion. Concrete workers have poured the new handicap areas at the top and foot of the amphitheater. New “butternut” cap stones were put into place to replace the broken and missing seating.</p><br>
<p>Upcoming construction plans call for concrete drop off area and parking, concession and ticket buildings, walkways and a stage. Soon after restoration, a special production reintroducing the amphitheater, celebrating Oklahoma’s centennial and recognizing the 75th anniversary of America’s New Deal is expected.</p><br>
<h3>Jones Chapel Schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>Jones Chapel Schoolhouse (also known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse") is located in the park off 18th Street. The schoolhouse opened in 1907 west of town. It was moved to the Kerr Lab area in 1976, where it was painted red, and then its current location in Wintersmith Park in 1990. The schoolhouse has many windows, which served both for light and air-conditioning when the building was in use.</p><br>
<h3>Campbell Cabin</h3><br>
<p>The Campbell Cabin, located next to the schoolhouse, is another structure with historic significance to the area. The cabin represents Ada’s early history in homemaking and demonstrates what it would have been like to live as a pioneer in a log cabin. A sign on the cabin reads "Cecil & Nell Campbell 1609 E 18th ST."</p><br>
<p>The Ilgachuz Range is a name given to an extinct shield volcano in British Columbia, Canada. It is not a mountain range in the normal sense, because it was formed as a single volcano that has been eroded for the past 5 million years. It lies on the Chilcotin Plateau, located some 350 km north-northwest of Vancouver and 30 km north of Anahim Lake. The highest peak of the range is Far Mountain. The range supports a unique grassland ecosystem. This type of grassland has not been seen anywhere else in central and southern British Columbia. The climate is cool and dry; typical of higher elevations of the Interior Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The 280 km long West Road River rises in the Ilgachuz Range and flows east to its confluence with the Fraser River between Prince George and Quesnel. It drains an area of approximately 12,000 km, and dropping over 900 m before joining with the Fraser.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and history</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The Ilgachuz Range began erupting 6.1 million years ago and has grown steadily since then. Like all of the Anahim volcanoes, the Ilgachuz Range has its origins in the Anahim hotspot&mdash;a plume of magma rising from the Earth&#39;s mantle in central British Columbia. The hotspot remains in a fixed position, while the North American Plate drifts over it at a rate of 2 to 3.3 centimetres per year. The upwelling of the hot magma creates volcanoes, and each individual volcano erupts for a few million years before the movement of the plate carries it away from the rising magma. However, where hotspots occur under continental crust, basaltic magma is trapped in the less dense continental crust, which is heated and melts to form rhyolites. Due to their high content of crystals and gasses, rhyolites initiate violent eruptions, though their water content is low and they have a relatively low temperature (around 800-900°C when erupted, whereas basalt can have a temperature of over 1200°C).</p><br>
<p>The hotspot has existed for at least 13 million years, and the Anahim Volcanic Belt stretches almost 600 km away from the hotspot. More recently, the hotspot has formed the Itcha Range and Nazko Cone, a cinder cone east of the Ilgachuz Range and the youngest Anahim volcano. The Ilgachuz Range is the largest of these, although the Rainbow Range is the largest of all volcanoes in the Anahim Volcanic Belt.</p><br>
<h3>First Nations</h3><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of the Ilgachuz Range was by the South Carrier and Chilcotin tribes. They have lived in the area for hundreds of years, travelling when necessary to hunt and trap animals such as beaver, caribou, moose, and to gather plants and roots. Fishing camps were also established in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Ilgachuz Range is, or was, an important source of obsidian for the South Carrier and Chilcotin tribes. Obsidian was greatly desired because very sharp arrowheads and cutting knives could be made from it. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic conchoidal fracture, creating razorlike edges. It was also used for jewelry. Anahim obsidian was traded extensively throughout the BC Interior and up and down the Coast from Bella Coola. Red ochre used in paint and decoration was also obtained from this area.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Ilgachuz Range is the second largest shield volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt which includes other immediately nearby ranges, the Rainbow Range and Itcha Range. It stands at 2,410 m above sea level - slightly shorter than its neighbor, Rainbow Range. It has a diameter of 25 km. The Ilgachuz Range was created by two chemically separate magmatic periods; an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows. Evacuation of the volcano&#39;s magma chamber resulted in the failure of one or more centrally located calderas. It is divided into Precaldera, Dome Forming, Intra Caldera and Shield Forming assemblages.</p><br>
<p>The Precaldera Assemblage is best exposed on the east side of Pipe Organ Mountain where it contains a bedded pile over 300 m thick of weakly consolidated, moderately to extremely different, pyroclastics, flows and deposits of uncertain origin. Colours range from mottled green to grey, yellow, ochre, red and white. A green tuffbreccia composed of pumice fragments, feldspar crystals and minor debris is recognizable in several areas.</p><br>
<p>The Dome Forming Assemblages include most of the rhyolite domes, related flows and the Ilgachuz Comendite. The northerly domes are subcircular talus mounds of plate sized pieces of light to dark grey, slightly porphyritic, flowbanded rhyolite with minor obsidian. Massive to banded chalcedony blobs and veinlets are related with these domes. The southern domes are somewhat different in nature, comprising intrusive and extrusive phases of cream colored porphyries. The Sax Dome contains an upper portion of cream coloured, aphanitic to fine quartz porphyry felsite with abnormal green glass filled fractures, and a lower unit of microsyenite with red and green glassy zenocrysts.</p><br>
<p>The Intra Caldera Assemblage is best exposed on the north edge of the caldera. The lower unit, indicative of caldera formation, is an epiclastic boulder-landslide deposit, roughly bedded and dipping into the caldera. Similar material, grading up into finer debris flows and possibly lahars, has been uncertainly known in the gap between Phacelia Peak and Calliope Mountain suggesting this area is the southern edge of the caldera. Alternatively, largely unsorted breccia and debris deposits exist on the ridge north of Saxifraga Peak, possibly indicating the main, or a subsidiary, caldera edge.</p><br>
<p>The Shield Forming Assemblage contains a series of basalt and minor comendite eruptions, and is best exposed on Far Mountain and Mount Scot. The basalts issued from fissure vents primarily located peripheral to the calderas. Brick red cinder deposits are considered to be a late phase of this assemblage.</p><br>
<h2>Provincial Park</h2><br>
<p>Surrounding and including the range is Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park, a 112,000-hectare park of unique landscape in the West Chilcotin Uplands while the Rainbow Range lies partly in the Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park. The park includes volcanic landforms, alpine environments, and forest sites scattered with wetlands.</p><br>
<p>Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park is extremely remote and unroaded; the closest communities are Anahim Lake, Alexis Creek, Nimpo Lake, Redstone, and Nazko. The closest major centre is Quesnel, located approximately 200 km east of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Subsidiary peaks</h2><br>
<p>Peaks within the Ilgachuz Range include:</p><br>
<p>Calliope Mountain</p><br>
<p>Camlick Mountain</p><br>
<p>Campanula Peak</p><br>
<p>Cindercone Peak</p><br>
<p>Crepis Peak</p><br>
<p>Far Mountain</p><br>
<p>Go-around Mountain</p><br>
<p>Hump Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mizzen Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Scot</p><br>
<p>Phacelia Peak</p><br>
<p>Pipe Organ Mountain</p><br>
<p>Saxifraga Mountain</p><br>
<p>Tundra Mountain</p><br>
<p>Itcha Mountain is one of the two named volcanic peaks of the Itcha Range, which is located in the Chilcotin District of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, which formed when the North American Plate moved over a hotspot, similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands. The Anahim Volcanic Belt includes other immediately nearby ranges, the Rainbow and Ilgachuz Ranges. Itcha Mountain is located 42 km northeast of Anahim Lake and 2 km northeast of Mount Downton, another peak of the Itcha Range. Both of these peaks are located within Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park, as is Far Mountain, the park&#39;s highest peak.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is the namesake for the Itcha Range, which is one of the several large shield volcanoes that stands all by itself.</p><br>
<p>Mount Yari is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. The 3,180 m peak lies in the southern part of the Hida Mountains  of Japan, on the border of Ōmachi and Matsumoto in Nagano Prefecture and Takayama in Gifu Prefecture. The priest Banryū  founded a temple there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>July 28, 1828 - Banryū first climbed the mountain.</p><br>
<p>1878 - William Gowland became the first non-Japanese man to climb to the top.</p><br>
<p>August, 1891 - Englishman Walter Weston climbed to the top.</p><br>
<p>1922 - Japanese mountaineer Maki Yūkō made the first winter ascent of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>December 4, 1934 - The region in the mountain was specified for the Chūbu-Sangaku National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>Mount Yari is located in the Chūbu-Sangaku National Park. The name derives from its shape, which resembles a spear (槍 yari) thrust into the sky. Because of its shape, it is also called the Matterhorn of Japan. Ridges and valleys reach out from this pyramid-shaped mountain in all directions. The four ridges are Higashikama (東鎌), Yarihotaka (槍穂高), Nishikama (西鎌) and Kitakama (北鎌) to the east, south, west and north, respectively. The four valleys are Yarizawa (槍沢), Hidazawa or Yaridaira (飛騨沢 or 槍平), Senjōzawa (千丈沢) and Tenjōzawa (天丈沢) to the southeast, southwest, northwest and northeast, respectively.</p><br>
<p>During the hiking season, Mount Yari is popular with mountain climbers. One of the most famous but dangerous ridges is Kitakama. It became famous through its association with mountaineer Buntarō Katō, who was a model for the novel Kokō no Hito (孤高の人) by Jirō Nitta. The disaster of Akira Matsunami told in Fūsetsu no Bibāku (風雪のビバーク Snowstorm Bivouac) also contributed to its fame.</p><br>
<p>Despite the existence of variation routes, climbers stand in line for the famous routes during the summer. In the autumn of 2005, a new mountain trail was constructed going up from Hidarimata Valley (左俣谷 Hidarimata-dani) to Mount Okumaru (奥丸山 Okumaru-yama). This made it possible to reach Yari-ga-take walking from Shinhodaka onsen upstream along the Hidarimata Valley following the mountain ridge of Mount Okumaru.</p><br>
<p>Two triangulation points were established at the summit. A milepost stone is fixed to the ground. As a reference point for the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, it is of little importance and even on topographic maps, the summit of Yari-ga-take appears merely as an elevation point.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>There are several mountain huts in the vicinity of the mountain:</p><br>
<p>Yari-ga-take Sansō (槍ヶ岳山荘), Sesshō Hut (殺生ヒュッテ), Hut Ōyari (ヒュッテ大槍), Yarisawa Lodge (槍沢ロッジ), Yaridaira-goya (槍平小屋) and</p><br>
<p>Wasabidaira-goya (わさび平小屋). Being situated in the Japanese Alps, several prominent mountains can be reached from Mount Yari, among them:</p><br>
<p>Sugoroku-dake (双六岳), Nishi-dake (西岳), Ōgui-dake (大喰岳), Naka-dake (中岳), Minami-dake (南岳), Okumaru-yama (奥丸山).</p><br>
<h2>Main ascent routes</h2><br>
<p>The Kaiwharawhara Stream is a stream in the North Island of New Zealand on the northwestern side of the national capital, Wellington. Its headwaters are within the suburb of Karori and it passes through other suburbs before reaching the western shore of Wellington Harbour in Kaiwharawhara near the terminal of the Interislander Ferry. For part of its length, it is roughly followed by the Johnsonville Branch railway, a branch line that was formerly part of the North Island Main Trunk Railway - the latter now passes over the stream near its mouth.</p><br>
<p>Its main tributary is the Korimako Stream, though it is also fed by other tributaries, and its catchment is roughly 19 km&sup2;. Much of this area consists of parkland and other reserves, though it suffers from pollution in the form of stormwater and runoff associated with urban land use.</p><br>
<p>The Madame C.J. Walker Building houses the Madame Walker Theatre Center in the city of Indianapolis, in the USA state of Indiana. It was named after America&#39;s first self-made female millionaire, Madam C.J. Walker. As Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walker began the development of the Walker Building and Theatre prior to her death in 1919. The project was subsequently completed by her daughter A&#39;Lelia Walker and opened to the public in December 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Walker Building, located in the Indiana Avenue Cultural District, was a center of entertainment and business and pride for the city&#39;s African American community from the 1920s to the 1950s. During the mid-1950s, the building and its surrounding neighborhood began a gradual decline.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1970 the Walker Building stood nearly abandoned, with only Walker Manufacturing Company remaining housed in the building, and faced demolition. A group of volunteers recognized the structure&#39;s history and began a project to preserving the building. After becoming incorporated as the Madame Walker Building Urban Life Center in 1979, the group purchased the building from the Walker Manufacturing Company and began planning for its restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the organizations articles of incorporation were amended to reflect the organizations new name of Madame Walker Urban Life Center. The not-for-profit organization was founded to reestablish the facility as a center for cultural expression and economic enterprise.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the first phase of the restoration, which housed offices and the Grand Casino Ballroom, was completed. A $2.5 million capital campaign raised funds to restore the famous 944-seat (now 935-seat) Walker Theatre. The influence of African art forms in the original design of Walker and her daughter for the design concept is apparent throughout the theatre. In 1988, the City of Indianapolis celebrated the opening of the fully restored Madame C.J. Walker Building. The site is now designated as a National Historic Landmark, and it is registered on both the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Madame Walker Urban Life Center was renamed the Madame Walker Theatre Center to better reflect the organization&#39;s purpose. Two office structures along Indiana Avenue—Walker Plaza, built in 1989 and 500 Place, were completed in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Performing arts</h2><br>
<p>The Madame Walker Theatre Center’s annual performing arts season opens in early October and continues until early May.</p><br>
<p>Monthly presentations include:</p><br>
<p>Jazz on the Avenue, with jazz artists in concert on the Main Stage or in a cabaret setting and the Indiana Avenue Renaissance Festival. These programs present local and national artists and aim to educated the community in jazz as an indigenous American art form.</p><br>
<p>Steppin&#39; on the Avenue, presenting stepping in African American life, as part of the way in which music, song and dance are interrelated in that culture. The program promotes an art form similar to Salsa.</p><br>
<p>Laughin&#39; on the Avenue, showcasing local and national artists.</p><br>
<p>Main Stage Series: these programs are primarily presented in the Madame Walker Theatre and include theatre, music and dance. In some cases, international artists presented under the category of Cultural Connections, usually showcased through workshops and classes, are also presented as part of the Main Stage season.</p><br>
<p>Artists presented are in many cases in residence at the theatre for two or more days, which aims to allow them to develop and participate in community residency, education and humanities programming.</p><br>
<h2>Educational programs</h2><br>
<p>In 1987, the Madame Walker Theatre Center launched the Youth-in-Arts program, which target more than 150 youth who may not have the resources to experience the arts outside of their typical school setting.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the program was redesigned and now consists of three subprograms, approaching the arts through performance and scholarship, targeting students, teachers and parents:</p><br>
<p>Project MAPPED, an acronym for Music, Art, Poetry, Performance, Expression, and Dance, is a 12-week interdisciplinary arts curriculum offered 3 days a week in 2-hour intervals targeting grades 3 through 12 and serving students on all performance levels. The program offers chorus & individual voice lessons, string orchestra & individual string lessons, poetry & spoken-word writing, speech lessons, set production & visual arts, and dance (modern, ballet, jazz, tap, and hip hop). Each session culminates with a semiprofessional performance on stage at the Madame Walker Theatre. The sessions are assigned themes dictated by specific historical events or phenomena within American and African-American culture. Students participate in workshops, lecture-demonstrations, and concerts aimed at introducing them to business practices in the music industry, and the creative processes and aesthetics of various genres.</p><br>
<p>Crushing the Conventional is a concert/lecture/master class series for students, educators and parents showcasing traditional and nontraditional art forms within the African and African-American Diaspora. Admission to these matinee performances is set at an affordable rate. The series occurs during the school day and includes master classes and lectures for parents.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the Wings is an Arts Administration introductory training initiative of the Center targeting high school students. The program exposes students to basic arts administrative duties and teaches arts administration, with students collecting community service credits which many are required to obtain on a semester basis.</p><br>
<p>Arts in Education provides arts experiences to Indianapolis Public School students and students in private, suburban and outlying school districts. The program utilizes artists in residence who are participating in humanities or performing arts programs to provide workshops, master classes, lecture-demonstrations and mini-concerts that educate the student to the process, technique and aesthetics of various art forms. The Arts in Education program also includes the Children’s Performing Arts Series, which allows students to attend matinée performances at the Madame Walker Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Madame Walker Academy for Girls provides intermediate-level refinement skills to an underserved segment of the Indianapolis community. Through an ongoing series of workshops, lectures and activities, participants graduate from the academy with new presentation skills for a variety of settings. The program is open to girls ages 11&ndash;17.</p><br>
<p>Humanities: the Madame Walker Theatre Center’s programming for the humanities is designed to encourage participation at all ages.</p><br>
<p>Writer’s Symposium Series, an ongoing program of the Center designed to familiarize participants with the written word and its place in American culture. The program presents a series of dialogues based in and around the works of local, regional and national authors.</p><br>
<p>Walker Film Series, a series of films designed to bring visibility to national and international film and video with emphasis on African and African-American and other ethnic minority filmmakers.</p><br>
<p>Tours & Living History: The Heritage Center serves as a display space and repository for information regarding C.J. Walker’s life and legacy&#39;, as well as the lives of African-Americans who have contributed to American culture. This street-level space offers tours, lectures and small heritage programs presented by local living history theatre Freetown Village.</p><br>
<p>The Center also provides facilities for Freetown Village and Iibada Dance Company. It serves as a rental facility for other arts, social, civic and business organizations to host their programs and activities.</p><br>
<h2>Madame Walker Theatre</h2><br>
<p>The Madame Walker Theatre is used for pageants, musicals, concerts, lecturers, auditions and rehearsals, motion picture and video screenings, ceremonial awards presentations and other community events.</p><br>
<p>Features of the theatre include; Seating capacity of 935, professional lighting and sound, full stage with an Austrian-hung grand drape and fully equipped dressing rooms, lobby, box office services, bar lounge, catering and technical services, and free, secure parking</p><br>
<p>Additional event venues include the Grand Casino Ball Room, Walker Memorial Board Room and A’Lelia Bundles Conference Center.</p><br>
<p>The Madame Walker Theatre contains one of the few remaining African-Art Deco architectural motifs in the country. The interior ornamentation includes 150 original colors hand-applied during restoration, an Egyptian statuary, cubist-inspired African masks, 20 ft spears and brass embellishments highlighted with a regal design, dramatic detail and plush seating.</p><br>
<p>Trisul  is a group of three Himalayan mountain peaks of western Kumaun, with the highest  reaching 7120m. The three peaks resemble a trident - in Hindi/Sanskrit, Trishula, trident, is the weapon of Shiva. The Trishul group forms the southwest corner of the ring of peaks enclosing the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, about 15 km west-southwest of Nanda Devi itself. The main peak, Trisul I, was the first peak over 7,000 m to have ever been climbed, in 1907.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the massif and neighboring peaks</h2><br>
<p>The three peaks are named Trisul I, Trisul II, and Trisul III. The massif is a north-south ridge, with Trisul I at the north end and Trisul III at the south. The massif runs roughly North-South, and hence appears compressed when viewed from the south (Ranikhet, Kausani), and more stretched out from the Southeast (Chamoli, Bedini Bugyal).</p><br>
<p>Nanda Ghunti lies a few kilometers to the northwest, while Mrigthuni is just to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<h3>Trisul I</h3><br>
<p>T. G. Longstaff made the first climbing reconnaissance of Trisul, in September 1905, focussing on the western and southern sides. He returned in 1907 with two other Britons, three Alpine guides, and a number of Gurkhas. They ascended through the Rishiganga valley, to the north of the peak, onto the Trisul Glacier, which lies on the east side. From there they climbed the northeast flank to the north ridge, reaching the summit on 12 June. At the time Trisul was probably the highest mountain to have been climbed. Reprinted 1987 by Diadem Books, The climb was noted also for the first use of supplementary oxygen in a major climb.</p><br>
<p>Quote: "The first use of supplementary oxygen in the Himalayas was apparently in 1907 when A. L. Mumm, Thomas Longstaff, and Charles Bruce went to the Garhwal and made the first ascent of Trisul (7,127 m), which remained the highest summit to be climbed for 21 years." During the 1950s Harold Williams led Indian Army expeditions to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Routes on the west face and south ridge of Trisul I have also been climbed. The west face was first ascended in 1976; this was the first ascent of the main summit not using the first-ascent route.</p><br>
<h3>Trisul II and III</h3><br>
<p>Trisul II and Trisul III were first climbed in 1960 by the Yugoslav team. They climbed from the Bidalgwar glacier, achieving the summit of Trisul II via the southern ridge and Trisul III via the north ridge.</p><br>
<p>Another Yugoslav expedition made the first traverse of the three peaks in 1987, and two members paraglided from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Aleš Kunaver was a member of the first Yugoslav team which climbed Trisul in 1960. In 1987, his daughter Vlasta Kunaver climbed Trisul I and was one of the paragliders.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Trisul massif can be accessed via the following route: Almora - Kausani - Garur- Gwaldam - Debal - Bagargad - Wan - Bedini Bugyal - Kalu Vinayak - Roopkund - Trisul.</p><br>
<p>Longanikos  is a traditional Greek village, located in Laconia, in the ancient and historical Peloponnese area of southern Greece. It is also referred to sometimes in English as "Logganiko" or "Longanico". It is about 30 kilometers north of Sparta, the capital city of Lakonia, and is also very close to the cities of Kalamata, Tripolis and Megalopolis. It rests on the eastern slope of Mount Taigetos. The current population of Longanikos is 449 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. This figure includes the population of the surrounding smaller villages Vergadeika, Kiparrissi, Giakoumaiika, and Kotitsa. Because of the small size of this village, residents of this town often identify themselves as Spartans to other Greeks or foreigners. For those who are familiar with this area, a resident or person from Longanikos is referred to as a "Longanikiotes"  or "Longanikiotissa" .</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The village is administered as part of the Pellana region of the Laconia (aka Lakonia) prefecture. The Pellana region&#39;s administrative central office is located in the village of Kastania (aka "Kastorion", "Kastori") which is about 15 miles south of Longanikos.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village changed location and name many times since the earliest record of its existence in Mycenaean times. The area of Longanikos has been identified with the ancient village of Velamini (Velmini), documented in ancient writings by Pausanias over 1800 years ago. The current name has been documented in writings as far back as Stefano Magno in 1453. It is believed that this area has been inhabited since Neolithic times, and much later served as a front-line military outpost for the powerful Spartan city-state.</p><br>
<p>As a result of its geographical position between the 3 prefectures of Messinia, Arcadia and Laconia and because of the morphology of the ground where Taigetos and Parnonas converge without connecting, thereby creating the Laconian valley of Eurotas, Logganikos has served as a key transit point for the movement of people and armies in the Peloponese. It had also served as a military staging area and rampart for the state of Sparta.</p><br>
<p>Today the village of Longanikos also includes the settlements of Vergadeika, Kiparissi, Giakoumeika and Foundeika. It is nestled along the green slopes and fir-covered mountain range of Mt. Taigetos and one can find stone houses, natural springs and fountains and forest roads that lead to the highest points of the mountain (Koutouni, Limna). Nearby one can also find some fountains that feed the Eurotas valley and the historical monasteries of Rekitsa and Ampelaki, close to the Arcadian border.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Most of industry in this area centers around olive cultivation, resulting in the production of olive oil as the main cash crop. The extra virgin olive oil that is produced is of the highest standards and quality and is sought out by olive oil importers globally. Most of the olive oil that is harvested is purchased by large Italian premium olive-oil labels who are known to repackage the local olive oil and brand it as an Italian product.</p><br>
<p>The younger people are also shifting away from an agriculture-based economy as their primary source of income. As more and more residents drive, they have expanded their job opportunities to commuting to nearby larger cities such as Sparta or Megalopolis where they take public sector or private service and manufacturing jobs.</p><br>
<p>During the turn of the 20th century and also during the 1960s and 1970s, there was a huge outflow of residents to other major Greek cities, including Athens and Sparta, and also externally to the United States, Canada, Germany, South Africa, and Australia.</p><br>
<p>This global diaspora of Longanikos emigrants still maintain strong ties with the village and during summer months the population swells with diaspora residents who have returned for summer holidays. In addition to its central location between Sparta and Tripoli, it is also only a 2.5 hour drive from central Athens and within driving distance of many famous sites, including Olympia, Monemvasia, Caves of Dirrou, Githeo, Kalamata, Corinth, the Argolid (Epidavros, Nafplion), amongst others.</p><br>
<h2>Details of Various Diaspora Communities of Longanikiotes</h2><br>
<p>Massachusetts, USA</p><br>
<p>A high concentration of emigrants who went to the USA settled in the suburbs of Boston MA, primarily the towns of Lynn and Lowell, Massachusetts in the 60&#39;s and onwards, which historically have been gateway cities in Massachusetts for various immigrant groups from all over the world. In the beginning of the 20th century, Ipswich was also a gateway city. One of the most famous people with ties to Longanikos was Harry Agganis, also known as the "Golden Greek".</p><br>
<h2>Forest Fires 2007</h2><br>
<p>During the devastating forest fires of 2007, the village was spared any damage. However, the fires came as close as five miles away from the northern direction and also there was extensive devastation on the opposite side of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Impact of Greek Economic Crisis</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that the village will see a net influx of residents as a result of the enormous economic displacement that is impacting the Greek nation as a result of the debt crisis which began in 2008. The simple, low-cost lifestyle afforded by the small town environment will undoubtedly attract many who are seeking a respite from the economic calamity impacting the larger cities.</p><br>
<p>The Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca  is a fortress on the coast of the Cuban city of Santiago de Cuba. About 6 miles  southwest of the city centre, it overlooks the bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Initial design</h3><br>
<p>It was designed in the early 1600s by Battista Antonelli (also known as Juan Battista Antonelli), a member of a Milanese family of military engineers, on behalf of the governor of the city, Pedro de la Roca de Borja, as a defense against raiding pirates, although an earlier, smaller, fortification had been built between 1590 and 1610. Antonelli design was adapted to the situation of the fortress on the steep sides of the promontory (the morro from which the fortress gets its name) reaching into the bay. It was constructed on a series of terraces; there were four main levels and three large bulwarks to house the artillery. Supplies would be delivered by sea and then stored in the large warehouse, which was cut directly into the rock, or transported up to the top level which housed the citadel. Construction of the citadel took 62 years, starting in 1638 and finally being completed in 1700, though work on the fortification was spasmodic. Antonelli was recalled to Cuba in 1598, shortly after the massive project was started, and other examples of his work can be seen there in the twin forts of Fuerte del Cojimar and Torreón de la Chorrera (Fuerte de Santa Doratea de Luna de Chorrera). Some of the structures from the earlier fortification were later incorporated into the main structure.</p><br>
<h3>Further construction</h3><br>
<p>The fear of pirate attacks was well-founded. While the fortress was still being constructed in 1662, English freebooters under the guidance of Christopher Myngs took control of Santiago for two weeks and during their stay destroyed part of the fortification and captured the artillery. After they departed, the Spanish government ordered the reconstruction of the damaged part of the fortress and raised the garrison to 300 men. Between 1663 and 1669 the engineers Juan Císcara Ibáñez, Juan Císcara Ramirez and Francisco Perez worked on repairing the damage and improving the fortifications, strengthening the flanks and constructing a new artillery platform. In 1678 it frustrated the attack of a French squadron and in 1680 fought off another attack by 800 men led by Franquesma, the second-in-command of the Antilles filibusters.</p><br>
<p>Between 1675 and 1692 the fortress was damaged by a series of earthquakes and reconstruction had to be carried out under the direction of Francisco Pérez between 1693 and 1695. From 1738–1740 further work was undertaken by the engineer Antonio de Arredondo, who enlarged the citadel and completed some of the unfinished platforms, with Juan Martín Cermeño and Francisco Calderín making the final changes to the structure after it was again damaged by earthquakes between 1757 and 1766.</p><br>
<p>By 1775, the fear of attack had diminished, and the parts of fortress known as the Rock (la Roca) and the Star (la Estrella) were converted into a prison for political prisoners, although the rest of the fortress continued to serve as a military base. It was again used as a fortress in 1898 when the United States&#39; fleet attacked Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<h3>World Heritage Site</h3><br>
<p>During the 20th century the Rock fell into decay, but it was restored during the 1960s by Francisco Prat Puig. The fortress was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997, cited as the best preserved and most complete example of Spanish-American military architecture.</p><br>
<p>Graeme Park is an historic site and National Historic Landmark at 859 County Line Road in Horsham, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It is owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and operated by the non-profit group, The Friends of Graeme Park. It is the only surviving residence of a colonial-era Pennsylvania governor. Graeme Park was constructed in 1722 by Sir William Keith as a summer residence and alternative to his governor&#39;s mansion at Shippen House on Second and Spruce Streets in Philadelphia. The house, originally known as Fountain Low, has been largely unchanged since its construction except for a restoration by Dr. Thomas Graeme in the mid 18th century and a minor restoration by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in the 1960s. Graeme Park at 859 County Line Road in Horsham is open to visitors on Friday and Saturday 10:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. and on Sundays from noon until 4:00 p.m.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<h3>1721</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the malthouse begins.</p><br>
<p>A malthouse is a building in which brewers create malt by starting the germination process of barley or other grains. The malt is then used as a key ingredient in the making of beer, ale and malt liquor. This malthouse was one of several attempted commercial ventures undertaken by Sir William Keith during his term as governor of Colonial Pennsylvania. His other businesses included a copper mine located west of the Susquehanna River in disputed territory and a foundry on the Christiana River near New Castle, Delaware. The malthouse was constructed during a time of financial complications between Great Britain and her American colonies. Trade was slowed tremendously and supplies of grain were rotting on the idled ships in the colonial ports in cities like Philadelphia. Keith took advantage of the need to have the grain processed and malting the grain was a good way to preserve it for a time.</p><br>
<h3>1722 or 1723</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the mansion at Graeme Park begins.</p><br>
<p>Graeme Park was originally called "Fountain Low" by Sir Keith. It is also known as the "Keith House" in honor of Sir William Keith its builder and first resident. Fountain Low was built on 1,700 acre of land that Keith acquired as governor. He received the land for little or no cost as a debt payment given to the Provincial government of Pennsylvania by the estate of Samuel Carpenter who had died with a considerable debt owed to colony. Over 90 workmen worked to complete Fountain Low and its surrounding buildings. Sir Keith even got the Provincial government to extend two roads to his property in Horsham. Evidence points to the assumption that Keith rarely occupied Fountain Low. The interior of the mansion was not painted until Dr. Thomas Graeme took ownership in 1739. Governor Keith instead spent the majority of his time at the governor&#39;s mansion in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h3>1739</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Thomas Graeme acquired the property at Fountain Low and renamed it "Graeme Park".</p><br>
<p>Dr. Graeme was the husband of Ann Diggs who was the stepdaughter of Sir William Keith. Graeme had arrived with Keith from England in 1717 and married Ann in 1719. During his years in Pennsylvania Graeme attained a significant social status in Philadelphia. He served as the Port Physician, was a consulting physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital, was appointed as a naval officer by Governor Keith in 1719, as a Register General and Master of Chancery in 1724. Graeme also served on the Provincial Council and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Governor Keith had left Pennsylvania in 1728 and left trusteeship of his properties to his wife Lady Anne Keith and family. Dr. Thomas Graeme was one of the trustees. The estate was sold in 1738 to Joseph Turner, who then sold Fountain Low to Dr. Graeme in 1739. Graeme originally used the newly named Graeme Park as a summer residence and kept his primary residence in Carpenter&#39;s Mansion in Society Hill, Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h3>1755</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Graeme begins interior renovations at Graeme Park.</p><br>
<p>He installed decorative devices that were common during the Georgian era, including paneling and refinished several of the interior doors. These changes remain today at Graeme Park. Dr. Graeme also commissioned the construction of an outdoor kitchen, laid out a formal garden and began a 300 acre "Deer Park" to make it "a piece of Beauty and Ornament to a dwelling (that any English noble would be proud to have... by his house." (Letter to Thomas Penn, 1755)</p><br>
<h3>1765</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Thomas Graeme retires from medical practice due to deteriorating health and the death of his wife Ann.</p><br>
<p>Following his retirement, Dr. Graeme began to spend a majority of his time at Graeme Park. Graemes daughter Elizabeth assumes the role of hostess for the doctors household. Although Graeme retired from medical work he did not retire from the Philadelphia social scene. Together with Elizabeth they hosted salons or gatherings of Philadelphias most influential statesmen, writers and musicians. Elizabeth, herself, became a poet of some renown. Dr. Graeme also served as the President of St. Andrews Society an organization of gentlemen Scottish immigrants in Philadelphia. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society and the American Medical Society. Dr. Graeme died of a heart attack while walking the grounds of Graeme Park on September 4, 1772. Ownership of the land was transferred to his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Henry Hugh Fergusson.</p><br>
<h3>1778</h3><br>
<p>Graeme Park is confiscated by the Continental Congress due to Henry Fergussons loyalist sympathies during the American Revolution&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Graeme married Henry Fergusson on April 21, 1772 without her fathers consent. This caused quite a problem for the newlyweds. Henry and Elizabeth had been introduced to each other by Dr. Benjamin Rush, a founding father of Pennsylvania, on December 7, 1771 at one of the salons hosted by Elizabeth and Dr. Graeme. Fergusson was a recent and penniless Scottish Immigrant and he was eleven years younger than Elizabeth. Both of these qualities made him a less than ideal suitor for Elizabeths hand in marriage and Dr. Graeme forbade that they marry. Four months after they met, Henry and Elizabeth married secretly in Old Swedes Church. Only their close friends attended, including Benjamin Rush, Provost William Smith and his wife. Despite her fathers disapproval, Elizabeth had vowed to let her marriage be known. Ironically, the day on which she decided to tell him the news was the day that he suffered his fatal heart attack, with Elizabeth watching him approach Graeme Park through a window of the mansion. Elizabeth was never able to tell of her marriage. She was Dr. Graemes only living heir, she inherited Graeme Park and by right of marriage Henry Fergusson gained title to the property. With his sudden new fortune Henry Fergusson was able to quickly ascend the Philadelphia society ladder. He traveled to England twice, became director of a prominent Philadelphia library and was awarded the title magistrate in Philadelphia. He was the last magistrate of Philadelphia under British colonial rule. He sailed once more for England in late 1775 just as the American Revolution was beginning to gather steam. He returned to Philadelphia by way of New York City as a loyalist with Sir William Howe commander of the British forces in American. With Howe, Fergusson witnessed the Battle of Brandywine and the occupation of Philadelphia during the Philadelphia campaign. Fergusson involved his wife in his activities by sending her as a messenger to General George Washington to ask for his surrender and to present a bribe to a major in the Continental Army. Both of these incidents caused the Patriots of Philadelphia to doubt her loyalty. There was no doubt about where Henry Fergussons loyalties lay. He was found a traitor by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania and Graeme Park was seized under the Confiscation Act of 1778.</p><br>
<h3>1781–1795</h3><br>
<p>Graeme Park is returned to Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson and she lives there in peace until 1795.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Fergusson may have delivered some letters, for her husband&#39;s sake, that called her loyalty into question, but she remained a patriot throughout the Revolution. She was able regain Graeme Park in 1781 thanks to the support of several close and influential friends. Among these were Dr. William Smith,* first president of the University of Pennsylvania, Robert Morris known as the financier of the Revolution, and Benjamin Rush, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and the man who introduced her to Henry Fergusson. Elizabeth was able to live the rest of her life in peace and quiet. She sold Graeme Park to a pharmacist from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania named William Smith. Elizabeth lived with her friends in Horsham until her death in 1801.</p><br>
<h3>1801–1920</h3><br>
<p>The Penroses care for Graeme Park</p><br>
<p>William Smith sold 200 acre of Graeme Park to Samuel Penrose of Richland Township including the original house, Keith Mansion, in April 1801. Samuel and his wife Sarah were members of Horsham Friends Meeting, the local Quaker congregation. They were the parents of 10 children, seven of which survived to adulthood. Their son William was married to Ann Larrett in 1810 and the Penrose built a second farmhouse at Graeme Park for the newlyweds. Samuel bought all of Graeme Park from his father in 1820 and with Sarah began the tradition of keeping Graeme Park in its original state while at the same time having a productive and profitable farm. When Samuel died in 1863 ownership was transferred to his third son, Abel Penrose. Abel and his wife, Sarah Beisel, continued to preserve Graeme Park for future generations. They even began to invite visitors to take tours of the former Governor&#39;s mansion. Morris Penrose was the fourth and final generation of the Penrose family at Graeme Park, beginning in 1893. He continued the tradition of hosting tours for school groups and historical societies. It was noted that 400 visitors walked to Graeme Park from the trolley stop on Easton Road in Horsham.</p><br>
<h3>1920–1958</h3><br>
<p>The Strawbridges care for Graeme Park</p><br>
<p>Morris Penrose sold 191 acre to Welsh Strawbridge on March 20, 1920. Strawbridge was an investment broker with the firm J&W Strawbridge. He was a prominent member of Philadelphia society, serving as Master of the Hounds for the Whitemarsh Hunt Club. Strawbridge married Miss Margaret Ely Marshall in 1922. They lived in the 1810 Penrose farmhouse and continued the Penrose tradition of preserving the Keith House and sharing its history with visitors.</p><br>
<p>In order to ensure the preservation of this historic mansion, the Strawbridges donated the Keith House and the surrounding area to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1958.</p><br>
<h3>1958–present</h3><br>
<p>Graeme Park as a Pennsylvania Historical Site</p><br>
<p>The PHMC did some minor restorative repairs to Graeme Park in the 1960s. The buildings and the grounds of Graeme Park appear in much the same state today as they did in colonial times. The original floor boards, paneling and paint from Dr. Graeme&#39;s restoration remain. They provide a glimpse into the world of Georgian architecture.</p><br>
<p>Apoyeque is a pyroclastic shield, located in the Chiltepe Peninsula Natural Reserve in Nicaragua. It has a 2.8-km wide, 400-m-deep, lake-filled caldera.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Apoyeque is a volcanic complex that formed and occupies the Chiltepe Peninsula. It is part of the Chiltepe pyroclastic shield volcano, one of three ignimbrite shields on the Nicaraguan volcanic front.</p><br>
<p>The lake at its center, Apoyeque lake (Spanish: Laguna de Apoyeque, also called Laguna de Apoyaque,), its shore 100 meters below the peak of the caldera, at its bottom reaches down to sea level.</p><br>
<p>Apoyeque, as well as the entire Chiltepe peninsula are part of the Managua administrative region, in close proximity to city of Managua, Nicaragua&#39;s capital.</p><br>
<p>Immediately southeast of Apoyeque peak is the 2.5 × 3 kilometer-wide lake-filled Xiloá (Jiloá) maar, a part of the Apoyeque complex.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanology</h2><br>
<p>The last eruption of Apoyeque, in about 50 BC (+/- 100 years), was one of the largest explosions known in history, and it had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Chiltepe dome (volcán Chiltepe), which is used synonymously with Apoyeque, the Apoyeque complex contains the Jiloa caldera (Laguna de Jiloa aka Xiloá), the Miraflores dome and the Cerro Talpetate dome.</p><br>
<p>An eruption of Laguna Xiloá 6100 years ago produced pumiceous pyroclastic flows that overlay similar deposits of similar age from Masaya.</p><br>
<p>Apoyeque has been identified as a particular dangerous volcano, due to its history of major eruptions separated by 2000 years, proximity to Managua, and the risks of generating lake tsunamis.</p><br>
<p>Mġarr ix-Xini , is a bay close to Għajnsielem  and Sannat  on the Maltese island of Gozo. It lies in a gorge to the west of Mġarr Harbour, accessible from Sannat as well as the nearby village of Xewkija.</p><br>
<p>During the rule of the Order, it served as a small harbour for galleys. A small watchtower was built to defend the area in 1661, and it was restored several times in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays, this secluded spot is popular for swimming and diving. On 12 November 1999, the former Gozo ferry MV Xlendi was purposely sunk to create an artificial reef and dive site. However, the ship rolled over while sinking and it ended up upside down. It may be unsafe for inexperienced divers.</p><br>
<p>The movie titled By the Sea, starring Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt was partially filmed at Mġarr ix-Xini from August to November 2014.</p><br>
<p>The lake Brennersee is a lake in Tyrol, Austria that lies approximately 1.15 km north of the Brenner Pass, 1,310 metres above sea level. With an area of approximately 19 ha, it is the biggest lake in the Wipptal. The lake can be explored by motorway A13 or by local train from Innsbruck.</p><br>
<p>Although the lake is always open to public for bathing, the water barely warms up to 12 °C, even in midsummer. In addition, the basin and motorway often conceal the sun, and the proximate environment is chilly. The Sill River provides the lake with fresh water and drains it at the same time. The cold water fluctuates between A and B grade quality and accommodates various kinds of carp and trout. An alga curtain on the lake floor gives the water a predominantly jade colour.</p><br>
<p>Dingley Island is a small island in Casco Bay, not far from Brunswick, off the coast of Maine in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the 1750s, the island was known as Bateman’s Island, and later Indian Island. However, in 1788, Captain Levi Dingley purchased the south 50 acre and in 1792 built a house there; it has been known as Dingley Island ever since.</p><br>
<p>The island was until recently connected to adjacent Great Island by a solid, 200 ft. causeway that had been constructed around 1954. However, the resulting buildup of silt in Dingley Cove, in the area adjacent to the causeway, was by the mid 1990s threatening to turn the area into a salt marsh. Such a transformation would have significantly reduced the important clam harvest in this area and on associated livelihoods. The island&#39;s 45 acre of clam flats generate an average annual harvest of some $225,000.</p><br>
<p>In response to this growing environmental concern, residents and neighbors of Dingley Island began in 1996 to investigate the possibility of replacing a portion of the causeway with a bridge that would allow the restoration of normal tidal flows to the cove. Over the next several years, various partners were brought on board, including the Town of Harpswell, the US Navy Innovative Readiness Training Program (IRT), Bowdoin College students and faculty, the New Meadows River Watershed Project, the Maine Corporate Wetlands Restoration Partnership and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA). These partners, led by Harpswell Resident Elsa Martz, worked together to develop and finance the bridge construction project, which cost approximately $174,000. On October 1, 2003, the community and its partners, along with Governor John Baldacci, celebrated the opening of the new bridge.</p><br>
<p>Purico complex is a Pleistocene volcanic complex in Chile close to Bolivia, formed by an ignimbrite, several lava domes and stratovolcanoes and one maar. It is one of the Chilean volcanoes of the Andes, and more specifically the Chilean segment of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic belts which make up the Andean Volcanic Belt. The Central Volcanic Zone spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and includes 44 active volcanoes as well as the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, a system of large calderas and ignimbrites of which Purico is a member of. Licancabur to the north, La Pacana southeast and Guayaques to the east are separate volcanic systems.</p><br>
<p>Purico is the source of the Purico ignimbrite, a moderately large ignimbrite with a volume of about 80 -. After the emplacement of the Purico ignimbrite, a number of lava domes and stratovolcanoes developed on the ignimbrite shield. The maar of Alitar is still fumarolically active. In historical time, sulfur was mined on Purico, and presently the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory lies on the ignimbrite shield.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>The Purico complex lies in Chile close to the border between Bolivia and Chile, east of the town of San Pedro de Atacama and northeast of Toconao. The volcanic complex can be seen from San Pedro de Atacama. A road runs along the northern and eastern margin of the Purico complex, and a gas pipeline crosses the complex as well. The existence of the Purico complex was established on the basis of Landsat images.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Licancabur volcano was constructed on ignimbrites from Purico just north of the complex. Guayaques lies east of Purico, the La Pacana caldera is located southeast of the complex, and La Pacana&#39;s Filo Delgado ignimbrite has buried part of the Purico ignimbrite. The known volcanoes Lascár and El Tatio are found at larger distances from Purico.</p><br>
<p>Purico is part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), a belt of volcanoes that runs along the western margin of South America between 14° and 28° southern latitude. This belt is one of four separate volcanic belts that make up the Andean Volcanic Belt and which are separated from each other by gaps where no recent volcanism occurs. The CVZ segment includes 44 active systems, 18 minor volcanic centres and over 6 large ignimbrite or caldera systems. One of these volcanoes, Ojos del Salado, is the highest volcano in the world. The largest historical eruption in the CVZ occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina in Peru.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Purico is a circular shield with a diameter of 15 -, whose slopes descend away from a centre at an elevation of 5,000 m. This shield forms a plateau, which is known as the Chajnantor Plateau, and which contains further flat areas such as Llano de Chajnantor, Pampa El Vallecito and Pampa La Bola. There is no evidence that a caldera exists there, unlike in many other volcanoes of this type. To the west, the shield drops down to a bajada close to the margin of the Salar de Atacama, a bajada being a structure formed by debris flows and gravel fans.</p><br>
<p>On top of this shield, a complex of lava domes and lavas reaches elevations of over 5,800 m above sea level; the vent of the ignimbrite may be buried beneath this complex. This complex forms approximately a 10 x wide semicircle open to the southwest around the centre of the shield, which may reflect the existence of a ring fault on which the individual centres were emplaced.</p><br>
<p>Clockwise starting from the west this semicircle includes 5,016 m high Cerro Negro (23&deg;1&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;51&prime;0&Prime;W longitude), Cerro Purico, "dacite dome D" and 5,639 m high El Cerillo which is also known as Cerro Chajnantor (22&deg;59&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;44&prime;0&Prime;W longitude), 5,703 m high Cerro El Chascon (23&deg;1&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;41&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) and the 5,262, Cerro Aspero-Cerro Putas (23&deg;5&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;42&prime;0&Prime;W longitude and 23&deg;6&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) to the south. All these domes (with the exception of the pancake-like "dacite dome D") have conical shapes, and Aspero, El Cerillo and El Chascon appear to be post-glacial in age.</p><br>
<p>The Chascon dome is constructed by lava flows and has a well preserved summit crater, while Cerro Purico is a stratovolcano and also known as Cerro Toco (22&deg;57&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;47&prime;0&Prime;W longitude). Additional more subdued structures in the principal complex are 5,058 m high Cerro Agua Amarga (23&deg;1&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) just southwest of El Chascon and the Cordon Honor with Cerro Purico Sur in the "opening" of the semicircle. Lahars and debris flows from the volcanoes have covered parts of the ignimbrite shield with gravels. A meltwater-fed spring on Cerro Toco is known as Aguada Pajaritos, and a small lake Laguna de Agua Amarga is found south of Chascon. Presently, the Purico complex forms the drainage divide between the Salar de Atacama and the Salar de Pujsa. The 5,130 m high Macon stratovolcano (23&deg;2&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;49&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) and the Alitar maar (23&deg;9&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;38&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) lie to the south of the main complex.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>West of South America, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at rates of 9 -. This subduction process along with that of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South American Plate farther south is responsible for volcanism in the Andean Volcanic Belt.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity in the region of the Central Volcanic Zone has been ongoing for 200 million years, but with temporal and local variations; 25 million years ago for example it was centered farther east and later moved west. About 23 million years ago, large scale ignimbritic activity commenced in the region with the emplacement of the Oxaya Formation, followed by the Altos de Pica Formation 17-15 million years ago. However, effusive activity of andesitic composition dominated volcanism until the late Miocene.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Purico appears to be part of a group of large, caldera forming volcanic centres that erupted dacitic ignimbrites, a group that is known as the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. This group includes the Cerro Guacha, Cerro Panizos, Coranzulí, La Pacana, Pastos Grandes and Vilama centres that cluster around the tripoint between Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. The arid climate of this region means that most volcanic systems are well preserved with little erosion.</p><br>
<p>This complex is underpinned by a magma body at depths of 15 -, where arc magmas interact with the crust to form the secondary magmas later erupted by the volcanoes of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. This magma body has been imaged with seismic tomography as a sill-like body and has been named the "Altiplano-Puna magma body".</p><br>
<p>Ignimbritic activity in such systems is episodic, being interrupted by periods with lower volume "steady state" volcanism. The eruption of the Purico ignimbrite is the youngest large ignimbrite eruption in the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex; the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex presently is in such a "steady state" stage, but the presence of active geothermal system indicates that magmatic activity is still ongoing.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Outcrops in the region range in age from Paleozoic to Holocene. The Purico complex formed on top of older ignimbrites such as the Atana ignimbrite in the south and the Puripicar ignimbrite farther north; the neighbouring La Pacana caldera between 4.5 and 4.1 million years ago erupted some of these ignimbrites including the Atana ignimbrite. In fact, occasionally Purico is considered part of the La Pacana system.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>The Purico complex has erupted various different magmas, ranging from the dacitic Purico ignimbrite over rhyolitic pumices contained in the ignimbrite to the andesitic-dacitic post-ignimbrite volcanics. Dacite is the dominant component and forms a crystal-rich potassium-rich suite. Varying amounts of phenocrysts occur in the Purico complex rocks, the minerals they are formed of include augite, biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, hypersthene, iron oxides, oligoclase, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and titanium oxides.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, mafic xenoliths are found in the Purico ignimbrite; such xenoliths are a common finding in volcanic arc rocks. They are even more common in Chascon rocks, where they might reflect the occurrence of mafic magma in the feeder system prior to the formation of Chascon.</p><br>
<p>Some physical properties of the Purico magmas have been inferred from the chemistry and petrology of the erupted rocks. The dacites had temperatures of about 750 - while the andesites and rhyolites reached higher temperatures, up to 800 -. Water contents ranged from 3.2 to 4.8% by weight, while carbon dioxide concentrations were low throughout.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The climate at Purico is cold (mean temperatures -3 -), with the air thin because of the high elevation. There is little precipitation in the area (about 200 mm/year on the upper parts of the shield, decreasing to less than 10 mm/year close to the Salar de Atacama), which mainly happens during the summer months as a consequence of the South American monsoon. This dry climate is due to the combined effects of the subtropical ridge, the Humboldt Current in the Pacific Ocean and the rain shadow exercised by the Andes, but it was in the past interrupted by wet periods.</p><br>
<p>The dry climate and high elevation mean that vegetation is scarce in the region. The little vegetation that is present displays an altitudinal zonation with a lower "Prepuna" with shrubs and succulents, a middle "Puna" with grasses and shrubs and a "high Andean steppe" with bunch grass. A report in 1993 stated that red-brown cacti and brown grass grew around the foot of Purico.</p><br>
<p>Increased moisture availability during the ice ages caused the development of glaciers on Purico; at times, an ice cap with outlet glaciers covered over 200 km&sup2; on Purico. Apparently three different stages of glaciation occurred, the third between 30,000 - 25,000 years ago, the second between 50,000 - 60,000 years ago and the first over 100,000 years ago. These glaciations have left moraines on Purico which extend for many kilometres at altitudes of 4,400 -, sometimes descending as far down as 4,200 m. The moraines reach heights of 10 m on the eastern side of Purico and 2 - on its western side. These moraines are covered with boulders and accompanied by striated surfaces and erratics. Penitentes still occur on Purico to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The Purico complex is the source of the major Purico ignimbrite. It was originally called Cajon ignimbrite and attributed to an area northwest of Purico known as Chaxas. Also, the Toconao ignimbrite was originally attributed to the Purico complex, but now the La Pacana caldera is considered to be its source.</p><br>
<p>The Purico ignimbrite itself covers a surface area of 1,500 km&sup2; over the whole complex, and its volume has been estimated to be 80 - with an additional 0.4 km3 contributed by tephra fall deposits. The ignimbrite is 250 m thick and becomes thinner westward, with more distal sectors reaching thicknesses of 25 m. Potassium-argon dating has yielded ages between 1,380,000 ± 70,000 and 870,000 ± 520,000 years ago for the Purico ignimbrite. The 2 km3 large "dacitic dome D" has an age of 980,000 ± 50,000 and may thus have formed at the same time as the ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>The Purico ignimbrite contains three flow units, the two Lower Purico Ignimbrites and the Upper Purico Ignimbrite. Their thicknesses differ; the Upper ignimbrite is 10 - thick while the two lower ones together reach an average thickness of 30 m, with a maximum of 80 m. The lowermost Lower Purico Ignimbrite is one single flow. The upper Lower Purico Ignimbrite is more heterogeneous, starting with a base surge, a pumice layer and then another flow unit, whis is volumetrically the largest part. The Lower Purico Ignimbrite covers a surface of 800 km&sup2; primarily on the western side of the Purico complex. Finally, the Upper Purico Ignimbrite is a moderately to densely welded flow that occurs particularly close to the summit of the Purico complex, where it forms six flow units that contain fiamme textures. Characteristic for the Purico ignimbrite are the so-called "banded" pumice, which consist of alternating darker mafic and brighter components, in the upper 33% of the ignimbrite. The extrusion of the Purico ignimbrite was accompanied by the eruption of large amounts of tephra, some of which fell as far as the Coastal Cordillera west of Purico.</p><br>
<p>After emplacement, the ignimbrites were modified by fluvial erosion, which formed curvilinear channels in the ignimbrites. In contrast to other ignimbrites in the region, there is little evidence of eolian erosion of the Purico ignimbrite. Eolian erosion takes much longer than fluvial erosion and it is possible that the Purico ignimbrite is too young to have been modified by wind action. Some surfaces of the ignimbrite have been affected by glaciation, giving them a smooth surface.</p><br>
<p>This structure of the ignimbrite has been explained by magma chamber processes. Prior to the Purico ignimbrite eruption, a dacitic magma chamber already existed beneath the volcano. Probably after an injection of andesitic magma, dacitic contents of the magma chamber escaped upwards and formed the lowermost Lower Purico Ignimbrite. This injection of mafic magma rapidly increased the temperature and gas content of the dacite, causing the eruption to become a violent Plinian eruption with the development of an eruption column. This phase then drew onto denser dacitic magma, causing the column to collapse and the Upper Purico Ignimbrite and the "dacite dome D" to form.</p><br>
<h3>Post-ignimbrite activity</h3><br>
<p>Volcanic activity after the eruption of the ignimbrite has been subdivided into the older andesitic Purico group and the younger Chascon group. The first includes Cerro Negro, Cerro Purico, Putas and Cerro Toco which assume the structure of polygenetic volcanoes, while the latter is taken to include Aspero, El Cerillo/Chajnantor and El Chascon which are lava dome-lava flow structures. The Chascon group of domes is also the only one which contains mafic xenoliths.</p><br>
<p>The Cerro Purico and Macon volcanoes formed a short time after, and possibly even before, the ignimbrites. They are thus old volcanic centres and deeply eroded, displaying moraine deposits from glaciation and rocks which have been subject to hydrothermal alteration from fumarolic activity. Such hydrothermal alteration processes are also the origin of the sulfur deposits at Purico and other volcanoes in the world.</p><br>
<p>Aspero, Cerro El Chascon, Cerros El Negro and Putas are younger and show no evidence of glaciation. El Chascon especially may be only tens of thousands of years old, seeing as it displays both a summit crater and pristine lava flow structures. Aspero was considered to be of Holocene age; later dates of 180,000 ± 20,000 years ago were obtained on Aspero and Chascon. Apart from these, there are no radiometric dates for post-ignimbrite volcanic structures at Purico. The eruptive episode that formed these centres is thus more recent than the Purico ignimbrite and may have been triggered by mafic magma being injected into the Purico system. It is also much smaller, with volumes ranging 0.36 -.</p><br>
<p>This change in the pattern of eruptive activity from large ignimbrites to smaller domes reflects a change in the nature of the magma supply, from large volume flow that heavily interacted with the crust and gave rise to the ignimbrites to smaller volume flows in a colder and thus brittler crust and did not accumulate or interact with it in a significant way. Thus the later eruption products appear to be more primitive and less affected by crustal contamination.</p><br>
<p>The Macon stratovolcano is considered to be of Holocene age, and Alitar maar displays active fumaroles. Presently, there is no indication for seismic activity in the Purico area.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Purico has been quarried for building materials, and many buildings in San Pedro de Atacama were built from rocks quarried there. In addition, as lately as 1993 sulfur was mined on Purico and transported by truck to San Pedro de Atacama where it was processed. In that year, production of sulfur amounted to 200 t/month.</p><br>
<p>The Purico complex is the site of a number of astronomical observatories, including but not limited to the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. In 1998, the Cerro Chascón Science Preserve was established on Purico, which among other things disallows mining in the area of the preserve. This Science Preserve covers most of the Purico complex.</p><br>
<p>Stepin Lug  or Gaj  is a park-forest and, for the most part, non-residential suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade&#39;s municipalities of Voždovac  and Zvezdara . It is part of the forest complex Stepin Lug-Baba Velka-Torlak-Jajinci, which is the largest wooden area in Belgrade.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Stepin Lug is located on the south-eastern outskirts of Belgrade, 13 km from downtown. It is a large, wooded area, roughly bordered by the neighborhoods of Veliki Mokri Lug on the north, Kumodraž on the north-west, Jajinci and Selo Rakovica on the west, Beli Potok on the south and Bubanj Potok on the east. The southern border is marked by the road of Kružni put and eastern by the Belgrade-Niš highway.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stepin Lug or formerly known as Titov Gaj or just Gaj, is a memorial complex, a park-wood with an area of 8.5 km&sup2, out of which 4.78 km&sup2; has been protected and maintained.</p><br>
<p>Stepin Lug can be divided into several areas:</p><br>
<p>Stepin Lug ("Stepa&#39;s Grove"), in the northern section of the wood. Bounded by the small street of the Zavojnička reka, it is located in the municipality of Zvezdara. It occupies the small hill of Stražarska kosa and two smaller sub-areas of Baba Velka and Dugo bilo.</p><br>
<p>Gaj or formerly Titov Gaj (Tito&#39;s Grove), in the central section. It occupies the area of the hill of Golo brdo, between the creeks of Bubanj Potok and Kamena voda.</p><br>
<p>Lipovica (Lime tree wood), in the northern section, the least forested area of Stepin Lug, along the Kružni put. It should not bee confused with the much more popular recreational area of Lipovica (Lipovička šuma) in the municipality of Barajevo.</p><br>
<h2>Plantlife</h2><br>
<p>The area has a 13 distinct tree communities, but the number of the separate species is three times larger as many species were planted later even though they are not autohtonous, including both conifers and deciduous trees. They include:</p><br>
<p>Evergreen trees:</p><br>
<p>Cedar (Atlas cedar, white cedar, California Incense Cedar)</p><br>
<p>Cypress (Lawson&#39;s cypress)</p><br>
<p>Douglas fir</p><br>
<p>Fir (white fir, Greek fir, Nordmann fir, Spanish Fir)</p><br>
<p>Juniper (Greek juniper)</p><br>
<p>Larch (European Larch)</p><br>
<p>Pine (European black pine, blue pine, Weymouth pine)</p><br>
<p>Deciduous trees:</p><br>
<p>Ash tree (European ash)</p><br>
<p>Birch</p><br>
<p>Black locust</p><br>
<p>Chestnut (common horse-chestnut, sweet chestnut)</p><br>
<p>Common Hackberry</p><br>
<p>European hornbeam</p><br>
<p>Honey locust</p><br>
<p>London plane</p><br>
<p>Maple (Norway maple, Sycamore maple)</p><br>
<p>Mulberry trees</p><br>
<p>Oak trees (English oak, northern red oak, durmast oak)</p><br>
<p>Pagoda tree</p><br>
<p>Poplar (white poplar, black poplar)</p><br>
<p>Rowan</p><br>
<p>Silver lime</p><br>
<p>Southern catalpa</p><br>
<p>Turkish Hazel</p><br>
<p>Walnut (black walnut, Persian walnut)</p><br>
<p>Willow (White Willow, golden willow)</p><br>
<p>In March 2015, an area of 2 hectare had been reforested with the white ash and red oak, one hectare and 2,000 seedlings each.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The wildlife comprises hares, roes, pheasants. and wild hogs.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Important historical features are the vicinity of the Torlak hill and its importance in the battles for Belgrade in the World War I and the memorial-house of vojvoda Stepa Stepanović, one of the main army-leaders of the Serbian army. On 23 May 1972 the wooded complex Torlak-Baba Velka(s forest) was declared a park under the name "Titov Gaj", celebrating Yugoslav Communist president Josip Broz Titos 80th birthday.</p><br>
<p>Stepin Lug has a 5 km hiking and jogging path. While it was called Titov Gaj, a mountain hut was built especially for him. He never visited the hut and it burned in the fire in the early 2010s. Also in the early 2010&#39;s, Stepin Lug was mentioned as a possible location of the Belgrade Zoo, if the old one is to be moved out of the Kalemegdan.</p><br>
<p>Lago di Campotosto  is an artificial lake in Abruzzo, Italy. The reservoir is located at an elevation of 1,313 m and comprises an area of 14 square kilometres. It is located in the natural park known as the "Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park".</p><br>
<p>The lake is reachable via the Italian State Highway 80 from either L&#39;Aquila or the Adriatic Coast. Smaller roads lead to Capitignano, Montereale and Amatrice.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>During the Quaternary Period of glacier formation, the Campotosto water basin had the form of a double "Y". Towards the end of this period, the Fucino River bed came into being. The upper portion of the artificial lake maintains the previously seen double "Y" formation that on the lower side is shaped more like a single "V".</p><br>
<p>The area where the lake now sits was once a vast peat bog, this used as an energy source by the local small industries up until the early 20th century. Lake Campotosto was created in the 1930s by means of constructing three dikes. The main reason for creating the lake was to establish a water reservoir that could be used to generate hydroelectric power in the Vomano valley.</p><br>
<p>During the construction of Lake Campotosto, a cableway leading to the Capitignano railway station was fortified. It was used to transport building materials and to carry earth away from the excavations. From Capitignano the rail line headed to L&#39;Aquila following a course that had earlier been used for the transportation of peat. The rail line was abandoned soon after construction of the lake was completed.</p><br>
<p>During the winter the lake freezes completely over while in the fall many people come for a visit to admire the colorful foliage in the nearby forests.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Campotosto Reserve, located in the Province of L&#39;Aquila in Abruzzo is a state owned wildlife preservation area. Local species include beech, willow, and snakewood trees. Indigenous to the area are badgers, pheasants, and foxes.</p><br>
<h2>Lakeside attractions</h2><br>
<p>A circular trail about 50 km in length run along the perimeter of Lake Campotosto. It is rather flat in nature. In the summer it serves as a gathering place for many hiking, jogging, bicycle touring or simple romantic walks during the sunset hours. Shorter excursions can be arranged by cutting off one of the two main branches of the lake. A bridge, Ponte delle Stecche ("The Bridge of Sticks") has been built in one of the narrower sections of the lake. An older unused structure stands nearby. The traveler using this bridge is also able to greatly shorten his lakeside.</p><br>
<p>The neighboring Capannelle Pass, is located about 15 km away and also attracts many cyclists and motorbikers in the warmer months of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Bordering towns</h2><br>
<p>Campotosto</p><br>
<p>Mascioni</p><br>
<p>Poggio Cancelli</p><br>
<p>The Oaks House Museum, also known as The Oaks, located at 823 North Jefferson Street in Jackson, Mississippi, is the former home of Jackson Mayor James H. Boyd  and his wife Eliza Ellis Boyd and their family. Having survived the burning of Jackson during the Civil War, The Oaks is one of the oldest structures in the city. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Mississippi Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in the Greek Revival style in approximately 1853. The original property was larger than the current one, at one time encompassing 4 acre and extending north to Boyd Street and west to North Street, an urban farmstead with main house, barn, detached kitchen, smokehouse, greenhouse, and other outbuildings. Three generations of the Boyd family lived at The Oaks, from 1853 until 1960. Mrs. Eliza Ellis Boyd outlived her husband by many years and lived in the house until her death in 1902. Daughter Mary and her husband, Richard F. McGill, lived in the house with their two children. In 1960, the grandchildren sold the property to The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Mississippi (NSCDA-MS).</p><br>
<p>The home is now a historic house museum administered by the Oaks House Museum Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Embassy Gulf Service Station is a service station in Washington, D.C., located on P Street near Dupont Circle and at the entrance to the Georgetown neighborhood. Constructed in 1937, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was designed in 1936 by Gulf Oil Corporation&#39;s architect P. L. R. Hogner as part of a company drive to create buildings that looked less like gas stations and more like banks and libraries in their details, materials, and massing.</p><br>
<p>The Embassy Gulf Service Station was to be Gulf Oils 61st station within the city of Washington. Because its site was next to Rock Creek Park, the buildings design was reviewed and modified somewhat by the Commission of Fine Arts, the National Park Service, and the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. The final design called for a small building of grey stone similar in color to the church opposite the station; whether or not the two buildings harmonized by design is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Embassy Gulf Service Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 30, 1993. It is still used for its original purpose, the building serves as a repair shop and Sunoco station.</p><br>
<p>The David Bradford House is a historic house museum at 175 South Main Street in Washington, Pennsylvania. Completed in 1788, it was the home of David Bradford, a leader of the Whiskey Rebellion. It has both architectural and historic importance, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It is open weekly between April and November, or by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by David Bradford, a successful lawyer and deputy attorney-general for Washington County, Pennsylvania who would later become a leader in the Whiskey Rebellion. It was the first stone house on South Main Street in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1788, which, by frontier standards, ranked as a mansion. The two-story building was built in the Georgian style, with dressed stone four-bay windows. The house has side hall entry with a fanlight transom. The stairway was solid mahogany; the mantel-pieces and other interior furnishings, imported from Philadelphia, were transported across the Alleghenies at considerable expense. While restoring the house a secret underground passage was discovered leading to a nearby ravine. This tunnel was presumably used as an escape route in the event of an attack on the house.</p><br>
<p>Bradford and his family occupied the house only for 6 years, until 1794, when he fled following the Whiskey Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s, the building was in such disrepair that Charles Morse Stotz did not include the building in his The Early Architecture of Western Pennsylvania. However, by the book&#39;s 2nd printing in 1966, Stotz himself has led the rehabilitation. Among other extensive modifications, a storefront had added to the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the building. In 1959, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission assumed control of the house and supervised restoration of its eighteenth-century design. They installed furnishings of that time in Pennsylvania that they felt reflected Bradford&#39;s place in society. A management agreement was signed in 1982, turning the management of the Bradford House over to the Bradford House Historical Association. The museum is open from early May through mid December, giving group tours and hosting other special events.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It is also designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Chanquillo or Chankillo The culture that produced Chankillo is called the Casma/Sechin culture or the Sechin Complex.</p><br>
<p>The site covers about four square kilometres (1.5 square miles) and has been interpreted as a fortified temple.</p><br>
<h2>The Thirteen Towers solar observatory</h2><br>
<p>The regularly-spaced thirteen towers of Chankillo were constructed atop the ridge of a low hill running near north to south, forming a "toothed" horizon with narrow gaps at regular intervals. To the east and west investigators designated two possible observation points. From these vantages, the 300m long spread of the towers along the horizon corresponds very closely to the rising and setting positions of the sun over the year, albeit they are not all visible. On the winter solstice, the sun would rise behind the leftmost tower of Chankillo and rise behind each of the towers until it reached the rightmost tower six months later on the summer solstice, marking the passage of time. The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo could be the earliest known observatory in the Americas. Inhabitants of Chankillo would have been able to determine an accurate date, with an error of a day or two, by observing the sunrise or sunset from the correct tower.</p><br>
<p>The towers had been known to travelers for centuries, the astronomical function of the towers were speculated famously by Thor Heyerdahl in his book Kon-Tiki of the 1940s but only recently hypothesized at length in 2007 by Iván Ghezzi and Clive Ruggles.Atwood, Roger. "</p><br>
<p>"Solar Observatory at Chankillo, Peru." Archaeology. Volume 61 Number 1, January/February 2008. l.</p><br>
<p>Pagaruyung Palace  is the istana  of the former Pagaruyung Kingdom, located in Tanjung Emas subdistrict near Batusangkar town, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It was built in the traditional Minangkabau Rumah Gadang vernacular architectural style, but had a number of atypical elements including three stories structure and larger dimension compares to common rumah gadang.</p><br>
<p>Although today there is no king or royal family resides in this palace, since the Pagaruyung Kingdom was disbanded in 1833, the palace still held in high esteem among Minangkabau people as the descendants of scattered Minang nobles (bangsawan) still seeks their root and link to the former royal house of Pagaruyung. The palace has been destroyed by fire for several times, in 1804, 1966 and 2007. It has been rebuilt again and today function as museum and popular tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original Pagaruyung palace was built entirely from timber masonry, however the current building frame was built using modern concrete structure. Nevertheless, the Istano Basa Pagaruyung was quite faithfully restored using traditional technique and materials adorned with 60 carvings that signify Minang philosophy and culture. The palace has three stories with 72 pillars and the typical Rumah gadang gonjong horn-like curved roof made from 26 tons of black ijuk aren palm fibers. The palace is also furnished with over 100 replicas of Minang antique furnitures and artifacts, aiming the palace to be revived as Minangkabau cultural center as well as tourism attraction in West Sumatra.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Pagaruyung palace was built on Batu Patah Hill and was burned down during a riot in Padri War back in 1804. The palace was rebuilt again, but destroyed again in fire in 1966. The building was being rebuilt again in 1976 as the replica of the original Pagaruyung palace. The restoration of the palace marked with the erection of tunggak tuo (main columns) on 27 December 1976 by West Sumatra Governor Harun Zain. After the completion, the palace has become well-known to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. This building was not built on the original site, but moves south from the original site.</p><br>
<p>The palace was destroyed by fire on the evening of February 27, 2007 after the roof was struck by lightning. It was estimated only 15 percent of valuable artifacts survived the fire. Today the surviving artifacts were stored in Balai Benda Purbakala Kabupaten Tanah Datar (Archaeology Authority of Tanah Datar Regency). The pusaka or heirloom of Pagaruyung Kingdom was stored in Silinduang Bulan Palace, located about 2 kilometer from Pagaruyung Palace. Restoration of the building has taken six years and an estimated Rp 20 billion (US$1,71 million) to complete. The building was completed and inaugurated by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats  are a vast area of swamp, open lagoon and seasonally inundated flood-plain on the Kafue River in the Southern, Central and Lusaka provinces of Zambia. They are a shallow flood plain 240 km long and about 50 km wide, flooded to a depth of less than a meter in the rainy season , and drying out to a clayey black soil in the dry season.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats stretch for approximately 240 km east to west along the Kafue River from below the Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, to Kafue town and the start of the Kafue Gorge. At their widest point they are 50 km wide and their total area is around 6,500 sq km. The elevation of the Kafue river falls 40 m along the flats from 1030 m at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m at Kafue town.</p><br>
<p>The town of Mazabuka and the Nakambala sugar estate lie on the south east edge and the small town of Namwala is situated at the south west edge of the flats.</p><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats fall within parts of the Itezhi-Tezhi and Mumbwa Districts in Central Province, Kafue District in Lusaka Province and Monze, Namwala and Mazabuka districts in Southern Province.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>The Batwa (or Twa) are thought to have been the first inhabitants of the Kafue Flats area but are now a small minority population settled on higher ground around the Kafue river channel where they support themselves through fishing. The Batwa are generally considered to be the surviving remnants of nomadic Bushmen who inhabited Zambia long before the Bantu peoples began to arrive from the Congo basin to the north.</p><br>
<p>The area is now dominated by Ila and Balundwe (or Lundwe, or Plateau Tonga) farmers and cattle herders, in at least 21 chieftaincies, who came to the area between 200 and 300 years ago. They depended on farming, fishing, cattle rearing and wildlife, often moving between a fixed settlement in the woodlands and cattle camps in the flats after the floods have receded. In addition to the settled community there is also a seasonal influx of fishing communities from other parts of the country. These immigrants are mostly Bemba from the north of the country and the Copperbelt area, and Lozi from the Western Province.</p><br>
<p>The population has increased significantly since the 1970s and by 2004 there were at least 11 major permanent fishing camps on the flats each of which was occupied by at least 500 fishermen. In addition there were a large number of temporary fishing camps established during the dry season.</p><br>
<p>In some cases the Batwa are marginalised from other ethnic groups, particularly the Bemba and the Lozi fishermen who consider them inferior. By contrast the Ila are held in high regard by other groups due to their history of being one of the richest cattle-owning groups in the region, although fishing and hunting plays an equally significant role in their culture.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology and dams</h2><br>
<p>The hydrology of the Kafue River and Kafue Flats have been significantly altered by the construction in the 1970s of two dams, firstly at Kafue Gorge downstream of the flats and then at Itezhi-Tezhi upstream of the flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.</p><br>
<p>The Kafue Gorge Dam, with 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, was completed in 1972 creating a reservoir downstream of the Kafue Flats with a storage capacity of 785 million m. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) another 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of the Kafue Flats, was completed in 1976. The reservoir stores 5,700 million m of water and covers a 370 sq km area of the Kafue River and its tributary the Musa River.</p><br>
<p>The Itezhi-Tezhi Dam stores water during the wet season which is then released for the turbines at the Kafue Gorge Dam and power station during the dry season. Water takes approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi and Kafue Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Prior to construction of the dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of the Kafue Flats was the result of high flows within the Kafue River beginning to rise following the onset of the rains in November to December and with the peak flood occurring sometime between April and May. The flats would subsequently slowly drain with very little surface water remaining by October to November the following year.</p><br>
<p>Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam are very different to the historical flows experienced within the Kafue River with the smooth annual rise and fall in discharge being replaced by sudden increases as large volumes of water are released from the dam. A substantial discharge is now maintained throughout the dry season whereas naturally this period is associated with lower river flows. Although maximum floods may have been reduced as a result of the dam, the almost year-round releases means that parts of the flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, now remain permanently flooded. In addition, the Kafue Gorge Dam has created a large reservoir which back up into the eastern end of the flats leading to areas of permanent inundation.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats include two national parks (IUCN Category II protected areas), the Lochinvar and Blue Lagoon National Parks. Both parks were established in the 1970s on land formerly used for cattle ranching. The 428 sq km Lochinvar National Park, famous for large numbers of Kafue lechwe, sits south of the Kafue river and is accessible from the Lusaka-Livingstone road at Monze. Lochinvar National Park has one of the highest numbers of vulnerable wattled crane in Africa.</p><br>
<p>Blue Lagoon National park, north of the Kafue, can be accessed from the Lusaka-Mongu road west of Lusaka. The 500 sq km park is home to a large abundance and variety of waterbirds as well as lechwe, sitatunga, zebra and African buffalo.</p><br>
<p>6,000 sq km of the Kafue Flats outside of the two national parks are covered by the Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)(IUCN Category VI protected area). The GMA affords protection to the environment and wildlife whilst still allowing for the sustainable use of natural resources.</p><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats were entered onto the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1991 covering an area of 6,000 sq km coincident with the Kafue Flats GMA.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>The land around the Kafue Flats are an important agricultural area in Zambia. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence and small-scale farmers, the flats are also a source of irrigation water for three large commercial farming operations concentrated around the eastern end of the flats.</p><br>
<p>The oldest commercial farming operation on the Kafue Flats is the Nakambala Sugar Estate located on the southern edge of the flats at Mazabuka. The Nakambala estate, owned by Zambia Sugar Plc a subsidiary of South African company Illovo Sugar, along with outgrowers and smallholder farmers is the largest sugar producer in Zambia and operated on approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland.</p><br>
<p>North of the Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, produces sugar under the Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000 hectare estate pumping water from the Kafue Flats. To the east of Consolidated Farming, the Chiansi irrigation scheme grows wheat and other irrigated crops on 200 hectares with plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats consists of a complex pattern of floodplain, lagoons, ox-bow lakes, abandoning river channels, marshes and levees surrounded by grasslands and woodland zones.</p><br>
<p>The flats comprise two ecoregions, the central area prone to flooding are classified as Zambezian flooded grasslands and these are surrounded by Zambezian and Mopane woodlands.</p><br>
<p>The soils of the flats are heavy in texture and tend to crack widely when dry, becoming very sticky and plastic when wet. These soils are mainly black or dark gray and produce an irregular surface relief known as gilgai consisting of a series of small ridges standing 20–60 cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters in diameter.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The main vegetation types of the Kafue Flats are woodland (Miombo, Mopane, Acacia and Combretum), termitaria grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps and levees and lagoons.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife</h3><br>
<p>The Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), an antelope specialised for living in the marshy conditions of the flats, is endemic to the area. There were estimated to be 250,000 lechwe living on the Kafue Flats in 1931, one of the highest animal carrying capacities in the world at 11,000 kg per km.</p><br>
<p>By 2005 the number of lechwe was estimated to have fallen to 38,000, a number which remained mostly stable until the next census completed in 2009. The declining numbers of Kafue lechwe has been attributed to the building of the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam and subsequent change in intensity and timing of flooding as well as illegal poaching and the pressures of rising numbers of people and cattle.</p><br>
<p>Along with lechwe, zebras are the dominant species of large mammal that are found in the flats. Wildebeest, buffalo, roan, kudu, hippo are present in limited numbers particularly in and around the Lochinvar and Blue Lagoon National Parks.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>The Kafue Flats area supports more than 450 species of threatened, endangered and migratory bird species</p><br>
<p>The flats are an extremely important habitat for the wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus) which is listed in the IUCN Red List as vulnerable. Numbers of wattled crane in the flats dropped from between 2000 and 3000 in the 1970s to less than 1000 by 2002. Other important species found on the Kafue Flats include the crowned crane, slaty egret, lappet faced vulture, lesser kestrel and corn crake.</p><br>
<p>Threats to the bird life of the Kafue Flats include changes to the intensity and timing of floods caused by the dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi, the spread of invasive weed species and the impact of increasing human populations.</p><br>
<p>The Temple Theatre is an historic performance center in Sanford, Lee County, North Carolina. The Temple Theatre was built in 1925 by Robert Ingram, Sr. , at a time when Sanford had a population of only 3,500. The name "Temple" comes from being located next door to what was once Sanford&#39;s Masonic Lodge. The following quote ran in a 1925 issue of the Sanford Express, "In erecting this modern theater, he has spared no expense to make it an up-to-date playhouse." It is a 50 feet wide-by-92 feet deep, two-story, brick building decorated with cut stone details in a blend of Colonial Revival and Art Deco styles.</p><br>
<p>For several decades, the Temple served as Lee County, North Carolina&#39;s principal seat of entertainment. Located half a block from the railroad station, the Temple was a frequent for the shows and stars of Vaudeville. Years later, the Temple became a touring house for the road shows of the 1930s (including burlesque), and then a movie theater. During the 1960s, the Sanford Little Theatre and the Footlight Players used the Temple for their community productions. In 1965, the Temple Theatre closed.</p><br>
<p>The rebirth of the Temple Theatre began in 1981 when Mr. Robert Ingram, Jr., the son of the theatre&#39;s original owner, donated the building to the citizens of Lee County. Through the efforts of Sam Bass, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and received a large challenge grant from the North Carolina Legislature. It is located in the Downtown Sanford Historic District. Lee County citizens and businesses matched the grant, along with a significant grant from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. The building was gutted and the vandalized shell of Temple Theatre was refurbished with the comfort of both the patron and performer in mind. In 1984, Temple reopened as a community theater under the director Kathy DeNobriga. The first show at the newly renovated Temple was Chicago. Ticket prices for an individual show were $3 and $4. A season ticket of 4 shows was $12. All shows were produced by the Footlight Players, and The Temple paid the bills and sold the tickets. The staff of the Temple at that time was Kathy DeNobriga, Director; Trip May, Tech Director; Sheila Brewer, Office Manager, Frank Nunally, Bookkeeper and Corrina Wicker, Box Office. In April 1986 Trip May took another position and Tim Morrissey was hired as Technical Director. One of the first things he did was to enlist the help of Sam Bass and the two of them built the cover over the orchestra pit, which is removable.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the first "Temple Theatre Day" was instituted. and held around April 1. It was a community and patron focused fund raiser. Patterned after The United Ways fund raising organization, the first one was chaired by local businessman Lamar Beach. Funds raised by this scheme were designated for the theaters staff salaries, insurance and utilities throughout the year. It continued to be an annual event although the date was changed to the Fall to accommodate the change in the theaters fiscal year change to July 1. The theater changed its FY to July 1 to be in line with the States Art Council grant cycle.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1987 the Temple embarked on its first professional theater ventures, producing three shows in the summer of 1987 using casts and crews that were all paid. There were no union contracts at that time. In February 1988 DeNobriga moved to Atlanta where she took a position with Alternate Roots, and Morrissey was named Executive/Artistic Producing Director. In the summer of 1988 another professional show was done.In the Spring of 1990 Wally Eastland was hired as the technical director and Frank Nunally retired. Brewer took over the duties of the bookkeeper and office manager. Eastland left in 1993 and was replaced by Bill Freeman. Freeman left in 1996 and was replaced by Ron Smith. Smith left in 2000 and was replaced by Brad Sizemore.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1989 another professional show was produced, this one did use contracts with Actors Equity. In the Spring of 1990 the Temple Board of Directors voted to accept a budget that included salaries for actors during the regular season. This was essentially the end of community&#39; theater at the Temple and while various shows continued to use unpaid, local, volunteer actors and tech crew, many in those positions were paid, some union wages. In 1990, David Almond, who had been the musical director for the community theater was replaced by Bert Fox. Fox stayed as MD until the summer of 1994, after which Musical Directors were contracted show by show. In the Fall of 1994 Serena Ebhardt became the General Manager. She remained in that position until 2000 when she left to pursue other theater activities. Kathy Stallings replaced Ebhardt and she left in 2001. Wicker retired in 1996 and the box office was filled with various part-time paid help.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1995 the Temple sponsored a community theater named "The Community Playhouse&#39;. They produced 1 show a year 1995-1998, always in September.</p><br>
<p>The roof on the theater was completely replaced in the summer of 1998. In the Spring of 1996 the balcony was reconfigured, removing two rows of seats and converting the tech office into a reception room. The capacity of the theater was reduced and with the addition of computerized box office ticketing the theater seating could be adjusted to allow only 299 seats to be sold, fulfilling an agreement with Actors&#39; Equity for a special contract.</p><br>
<p>The sound equipment was moved to the balcony in the rear. It was found later that that was unsatisfactory so a special booth was built out over the audience from the balcony.</p><br>
<p>In the Fall of 1997 a temporary light truss was added to the down stage for the show The Invisible Man. It was still there in the fall of 2001.</p><br>
<p>The marquee sign, the copper letters TEMPLE, were constructed by the metal workers at King Roofing in Sanford, in 2000. They used an old sign that had been there made of galvanized steel. Morrissey found the old sign while rummaging around in the underground part of the theater. The new copper sign was paid for as a donation by Dave and Kelly Kurz.</p><br>
<p>Morrissey left the Temple in Oct 2001, becoming the Executive/Artistic Director at The Highlands Playhouse in Highlands, NC and was replaced by Jerry Sipp. Staff at that time was Sipp, Sizemore, Brewer and part-time help in the box office.</p><br>
<p>The lobbys richly painted walls and wooden trim flank the original multi-colored floor of hexagonal tiles. Above hangs a crystal chandelier accented in gold, while twin staircases sweep up on either side of the lobby leading to the balcony where the restored tin ceiling can be best appreciated. Backstage, the actors enjoy comfortable dressing rooms, a kitchen, and a lounge area. Thats not bad, considering the original structure had one bathroom for the performers and it was located in the basement. There is a full counterweight fly system backstage, an advanced communication network, and a computer-controlled lighting (last updated in 2010) and sound system (lasted updated in 2014), making the theatre practical and workable. Originally, the Temple seated 500. During the 80&#39;s renovation process, seating was reduced to 334, making it quite an intimate venue. The Temple also has an orchestra pit, which is utilized by musicians, but can be covered to create a larger stage. Because it was designed for vaudeville, the acoustics are superb - highlighted by an ornate painted tin ceiling, and audience members have a good view of the stage from every seat. In the spring of 2012, the Temple unveiled a brand new concession and restroom area.</p><br>
<p>The Temple is a cultural center and the top year-round attraction in Lee County. The North Carolina Shakespeare Festival, the Red Clay Ramblers, The Kingston Trio, the Glenn Miller Band, Count Basie, Mark Wills, The Embers, and Nantucket (band) are among the artists who have performed at the Temple Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Today, The Temple Theatre Company produces seven Main Stage shows per season ranging from musicals to dramas, with each show running for three weeks. All the actors are paid professionals brought in from across the country. The Temple Theatre is also a Comedy Zone venue, and has hosted a number of high profile stand up comics in recent years, including Jimmie Walker, Carlos Mencia, Jon Reep, James Gregory (comedian), and Pauly Shore. Special events at the Temple range from pop concerts to dance recitals.</p><br>
<p>The Temple attracts patrons from the Research Triangle, the Piedmont Triad, and the Sandhills areas on a regular basis. In all, around 40,000 people visit the Temple each year. All funds raised during the annual fund drive go to the maintenance and operation of the facility (utilities, insurance, equipment, security, etc.). Production expenses come from ticket sales, sponsorships, grants, and advertising. The Temple Theatre is a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The full schedule of events at Temple Theatre can be viewed at http://templeshows.com.</p><br>
<h2>Current Staff</h2><br>
<p>Peggy Taphorn as Producing Artistic Director</p><br>
<p>Chris deLambert as Director of Business Development & Marketing</p><br>
<p>Greta Zandstra as Education Director</p><br>
<p>Dallas LaFon as Technical Director</p><br>
<p>Kaine Riggan as Business Manager</p><br>
<p>Anna Bernard as Box OfTiffany Owle*Mira Horowitz as Production Stage Manager</p><br>
<p>Jon McKone as Master Electrician/Carpenter</p><br>
<p>The Grünsee  lies in the most western part of the Pflersch Valley  above 1,680 Metres Sea Level. To get to the Lake, one has to go by car until „Ochsen alpine hut“ and then on foot straight ahead app. 11 km in western direction to the Lake. The road is not accessible in winter for cars.</p><br>
<p>As a typical mountain lake the water is very clean (A grade quality). It remains even in summer cold. The Lake was created as remnant, when the Feuerstein Ferner had drawn itself. It gives fishes as trouts and carps a protected, untouched living space. Fresh water is gained by rain or snow melting. Sometimes the water stains green due this and that is the reason of its name. The Lake drains subterraneously via the Fernerbach (=Pflerscher Bach/Main River of the valley) and belongs to its source area.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Horsetail Fall, located in Yosemite National Park in California, is a seasonal waterfall that flows in the winter and early spring. The fall occurs on the east side of El Capitan. If Horsetail Fall is flowing in February and the weather conditions are just right, the setting sun illuminates the waterfall, making it glow orange and red. This natural phenomenon is often referred to as the "Firefall", a name that pays homage to the manmade Firefall that once took place in Yosemite.</p><br>
<p>This waterfall descends in two streams side by side, the eastern one being the larger but both quite small. The eastern one drops, and the western one, the highest fully airborne waterfall in Yosemite that runs at some point every year. The waters then gather and descend another on steep slabs, so the total height of these waterfalls is to. The image shown here is taken during a brief time during the winter, near February 21 at sunset, made famous by Galen Rowell&#39;s photograph.</p><br>
<p>The fall is sometimes referred to as an ephemeral fall because of its seasonal nature. It is best seen and photographed from a small clearing close to the picnic area on the north road leading out of Yosemite Valley east of El Capitan.</p><br>
<p>Minat al-Qala , sometimes wrongly named Qalat al-Mina, is a medieval coastal fort protecting the port known as Ashdod-Yam , which was historically separate from Ashdod proper but whose archaeological remains are today located on the southern beach of the sprawling modern city of Ashdod. The fort has been built by the Umayyads and later restored and used again by the Crusaders.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early Muslim period</h3><br>
<p>The fort was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (reign 685–705 CE) before the end of the 7th century on top of Byzantine-era remains. It was in use during the 10th-11th centuries, and was restored and used again by the Crusaders in the late 12th century after sustaining serious damage from the 1033 earthquake. Its medieval Arabic name was Mahuz Azdud, "harbour of Azdud", a very interesting return to Semitic toponyms after centuries of Hellenistic culture at "Azotus paralios" (Greek for Ashdod-on-the-Sea): a combination between the ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud", a form much closer to the likewise ancient "Ashdod".</p><br>
<h3>Crusader period</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations show that the fort was restored and reused during the Crusader period. They come to prove what was already known from documents from the era, which indicate that Nicolas de Beroard, a knight of lord Hugh of Ramla, was in charge of the stronghold in 1169. From this period it is known as Castellum Beroart.</p><br>
<h3>Ayyubid and Mamluk periods</h3><br>
<p>The port stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed by the Muslims along with the other port cities from the coast of Palestine, due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>In 1863 Victor Guérin visited and described it, while in 1873-4, it was described by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund&#39;s Survey of Western Palestine described it as being apparently from "the Middle Ages".</p><br>
<p>The modern Arabic name, Minat al-Qala, means "The harbour (mina) with the fortress (qala)", while the modern Hebrew name, "Horbat Ashdod Yam", reflects both the current state of the fort and its ancient name: "ruins (horbat) of Ashdod-on-the-Sea".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The almost rectangular fortress (35x55 meters) was enclosed by a six to seven meters high curtain wall. It has four solid corner towers, and two semicircular ones flanking each of the two huge gates that gave access to the strongholdto from the west and east.</p><br>
<p>Deer Park Tavern is a historic hotel located at Newark in New Castle County, Delaware. It was built in 1851 on the land where the remains of the burned down St. Patrick&#39;s Inn had resided since 1747. It is a -story "U"-plan building with nine bays at the south front facade. The building is constructed of wood joists with brick and masonry load bearing walls with Greek Revival elements. It was converted from a hotel in the mid-20th century, and enjoys the college atmosphere of the nearby University of Delaware campus.</p><br>
<p>The St. Patrick’s Inn was said to house famous historical figures such as George Washington and in 1843 Edgar Allan Poe stayed a night here. The Deer Park logo is based on Poe&#39;s classic poem "The Raven".</p><br>
<p>In the Fall of 1764, Mason and Dixon made their base of operations in Delaware at the St. Patrick’s Tavern in Newark, where the Deer Park Tavern now stands. Tavern scenes in Thomas Pynchon’s 1997 novel Mason & Dixon are consistent with at least one contemporary account of their enjoyment of the taproom.</p><br>
<p>The first railroad line built through Newark in 1869 is close to the building, and helped to escalate the hotel’s popularity. At this time, The Deer Park was considered one of the finest hotels on the east coast. Much history surrounds the Deer Park including rumors that the basement was used as part of the Underground Railroad during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the Amalgamated and Condensed Chemists Club charter at the University of Delawares founding chapter was written in the old dining room of the Deer Park. Founders, "in the good old Boswellian tradition", included Carling, LePera, Jordan, Lafferty, Baldwin, Hoffner, Baird, Skinner, deBrabender and Wilson. Today, the patrons include University of Delaware students and staff, business people and locals. The nightly atmosphere varies with bands, DJs and drink specials that bring a hefty crowd each night of the week.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, local bands such as George Thorogood and the Delaware Destroyers played the back room. On October 5, 2010 MSNBC political TV show The Rachel Maddow Show broadcast its show live from the second floor of the Deer Park, which was chosen due to Delaware&#39;s upcoming U.S senatorial election. Maddow remarked on her show: "we live for the intersection of politics and beer".</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<p>In season six episode 2 of It&#39;s Always Sunny In Philadelphia ("Dennis Gets Divorced") Mac is seen wearing a Deer Park tee shirt.</p><br>
<p>Theatre Jacksonville is a community theatre based in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. One of the oldest continually producing community theatres in the United States, its building, also known as the Little Theatre, was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Theatre Jacksonville is based in the neighborhood of San Marco. It puts on numerous productions throughout the year and runs a children&#39;s camp called Camp Theatre Jacksonville every summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Little Theatre company was founded at Jacksonville, Florida in 1919 and then incorporated as "The Little Theatre of Jacksonville" in 1926. Cigar magnate Carl Swisher was the benefactor for a new building in the San Marco neighborhood, which was started in 1927. However, It was more than ten years before the first performance was staged at the new facility. On January 4, 1938, Boy meets Girl opened in what is now a historic USA theater located at 2032 San Marco Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>In early 1969, the name of the company was changed to "Theatre Jacksonville, Inc." and the theatre was re-incorporated. Mayor Hans Tanzler issued a proclamation naming Theatre Jacksonville as Jacksonville&#39;s "Official Theatre" in 1972, a distinction reconfirmed by all succeeding mayors.</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 1991, the Little Theatre building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The $500,000 Harold K. Smith Playhouse Endowment for facility maintenance was established in June, 1997. In October, 2000 the theatre Facade renovation was completed and the facility was formally dedicated as the Harold K. Smith Playhouse.</p><br>
<p>Zuce  is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade&#39;s municipality of Voždovac.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geography</h2><br>
<p>Zuce is the easternmost settlement in the municipality, located in the low Šumadija region, on the eastern slopes of the Avala mountain in the valley of the Vranovac creek, a tributary to the Bolečica river. Zuce is located south-east of downtown Belgrade, next to the both railway and highway Belgrade-Niš. It generally spreads to the north (in the direction of the neighborhood of Bubanj Potok) and to the south (in the direction of Vrčin).</p><br>
<p>The area is known for several water springs, including the "Točak" (wheel) spring. In June 2008, a geothermal water spring (22 Celsius) was found in the alluvial valley of the Zavojnička river, on the depth of 150 meters. Water is currently being tested by the Geology Institute of Serbia, which initially reported that the water, though not hot, might be used for heating via heating pumps which would warm it up.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Zuce is statistically classified as a rural settlement (village). According to the official census of population it had 2,001 inhabitants in 2011. In 2002, Serbs made 96.89% and Goranci 0.84% of the population.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Zuce is an agricultural settlement. Major products are corn, wheat and, until 2010s, a quality cabbage. Many of the cabbage fields were sold in 2008 due to the construction of the Belgrade bypass. The village is also known for its young brined cheese ("mladi zučki sir"), from which the cream can not be skimmed.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano located in Inawashiro-town, Bandai-town, and Kitashiobara village, in Yama-Gun, Fukushima prefecture. It is an active stratovolcano located to the north of Lake Inawashiro. Mount Bandai, including the Bandai heights, belongs to the Bandai-Asahi National Park.</p><br>
<p>The altitude of the triangulation station “Bandai”, installed in 1904, had been employed as the official altitude of Mount Bandai. However, after the station disappeared due to erosion, it was re-measured in October 2010 and now is 1,816.29m. The name “Mount Bandai” is used to refer to the main peak “Bandai”, along with several other peaks including Akahani at 1,430m and Kushigamine at 1,636m, created during the 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bandai was originally called “Iwahashi-yama” which means “a rock ladder to the sky.” It is now sometimes called “Aizu Fuji” and “Aizu Bandai”. The south foot is called Omotebandai and the north foot is called Urabandai. When seen from Omotebandai, the mountain looks very tidy, but when viewed from Urabandai the mountain shows a wild shape, due to its collapse.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the list of the 100 famous mountains in Japan. In 2007, the mountain was selected as one of the top 100 geographic landmarks in Japan. Additionally, in 2011 the mountain was certified as a geopark of Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic Activity</h2><br>
<p>Typical features of mount Bandai’s activity are debris avalanches and sector collapses. We know this because evidence of this has been left in past activities.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bandai has not experienced a lava flow after the eruption of about 10 000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Sediment surveys have shown us that the history of the volcano can be divided into 6 sections.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that the volcanic activity period was from about 290,000 years ago when there were 2 scoria eruptions, after the activity of Mt. Nekoma (from approximately 1.1 million years ago to 350 thousand years ago) somewhere to the west.</p><br>
<p>1. It is not clear when the volcanic activities of Mount Bandai started, but it is believed that before about 290,000 years ago it was inactive and only became active after the activities of Nekoma volcano, which lies to the west, from 1.1 million years ago to 350,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>2. Approximately 290,000 years ago, there were two scoria eruptions.</p><br>
<p>3. From about 210000 years to 200000 years ago there were several scoria and pumice eruptions.</p><br>
<p>4. Approximately 165,000 to 145,000 years ago, there were eruptions of volcanic ash and pumice.</p><br>
<p>5. From about 80,000 years ago to 65,000 years ago, there were sub-plinian and Vulcanian eruptions of pumice, which broke up the shape of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>6. Approximately 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, there was continuous activity with pumice eruptions, and sector collapse.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 90,000 years ago at the time of the Okinajima pyroclastic flow, and 50,000 years ago at the time of the Zunashi pyroclastic flow, the river formally flowing through the Inawashiro basin was dammed, the water level went up, and Lake Inawashiro appeared.</p><br>
<p>Although it is said that the eruption which created four peaks in 1888 (Mt. Obandai, Mt. Kobandai, Mt. Akabane, and Mt. Amidagamine) was from a Mt. Fuji shaped mountain of over 2000 meters formed in an eruption in 806 (the first year of Daido), there is also historic evidence which shows that there were eruptions at earlier times, which also changed the Mt. Fuji shaped mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Eruption of 1888</h3><br>
<p>On July 15, 1888 there was an explosion of water vapour in a Kobandai eruption. It is believed that hot ground water continuously spurting out had weathered the mountain and this caused it to collapse. This caused an avalanche of debris to bury 5 nearby villages on the north foot of the mountain and 477 people were killed.</p><br>
<p>This eruption was the first major disaster to the modern Japanese government which began from the Meiji period.</p><br>
<p>The government launched an enquiry to investigate the eruption and this was implemented by Kiyokage Sekiya and Yasu Kikuchi. The government provided relief and attempted to rebuild the affected villages. Extensive research, including surveys was undertaken into the causes of the eruption and the extent of the damage – this was an unusual measure to take at the time. Detailed pictures were taken of the events.</p><br>
<p>Donations amounting to ¥38,000 were gathered (which equates to around ¥1.5Bn presently) and these supported the relief and restoration effort. The Japanese Red Cross organization was involved in the relief effort after having been formed the previous year (1887) following an eruption and this was its first peacetime involvement in relief. A monument was erected in Goshikinuma to honour those who helped the relief effort.</p><br>
<h2>Sacred Mountains</h2><br>
<p>The Enichi Temple, located on the south-western foot of the Bandai Mountain, is surrounded by mountains where people come to worship; Mt. Bandai (north east to the temple), Mt. Mayadake (north to the temple), and Mt. Azuma (north to Mt. Bandai). The temple has served a central role in mountain worship because of its location. The Enichi Temple was founded in 807 A.D., one year after Mt. Bandai erupted. Some people think that there is a connection between the eruption and the foundation of the Enichi Temple. Several routes for visiting Azumayama Shrine have been established, all originating from the main temple of the Enichi shrine.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>There are 7 climbing routes of Mount Bandai, as follows.</p><br>
<p>Happoudai mountain entrance route (八方台登山口): (Nekoma-happoudai→ Nakanoyuato → Ohanabatake observatory → Koubou-shimizu → mountain peak, duration: 2 hours, 3.5 km, range 620m)</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, there was a defoliation outbreak caused by a species of moth, or beech caterpillar (Quadricalcarifera punctatella Motschulsky).</p><br>
<p>Inawashiro mountain entrance route (猪苗代登山口): (Inawashiro Ski Centre → Tennoniwa → Mount Akahani → Numano-daira → Koubou Shimizu → mountain peak, duration: 3.5 hours, 5.5 km, range 1100m)</p><br>
<p>The Ski Resort route contains an additional 3 stops (West piste → Hayama Route → Rinkan Route)</p><br>
<p>Okinajima Route (翁島登山口): (Inawashiro Ski Resort → mountain peak, duration: 3 hours, 3 km, range 1000m)</p><br>
<p>This route can be shortened by using the gondolas at the Inawashiro Ski Resort to 1 hour, but prior booking is required. There is no source of fresh water on the route.</p><br>
<p>Urabandai mountain entrance A (裏磐梯登山口A) (Urabandai Ski Centre → Akanuma → Nakanoyu-ato → Koubou Shimizu → mountain peak duration: 3 hours 10 minutes, 6 km, range 900m) During the rainy season and early spring, the Akanuma area becomes waterlogged and due measures are required.</p><br>
<p>Urabandai mountain entrance B (裏磐梯登山口B) (Urabandai Ski Centre → Kakougen → Kushigamine Col → Koubou Shimizu → mountain peak duration: 3 hours 20 minutes, 6 km, range 900m). The Kakougen route is hard to follow, and around the Kakouheki route, beware of falling rocks.</p><br>
<p>Kawakami mountain entrance route (川上登山口) (Kawakami mountain entrance → Kakougen → Kushigamine Col → Koubou Shimizu → mountain peak, duration: 4 hours, 7 km, range: 1100m)</p><br>
<p>The Kawakami Spa mountain entrance is out of use, and the route is unclear before joining with that of the Urabandai course.</p><br>
<p>Shibutani mountain entrance route (渋谷登山口) (Family Snow Park Bandai x2 mountain entrance → Biwasawa route → Numano-daira → Koubou Shimizu → mountain peak, duration: 3 hours 40 minutes, 7 km, range: 1200m). In the summer season, the route is unclear due to the proliferation of grass. Due to its lack of usage, it is referred to as the ‘Forest of Animals’.</p><br>
<p>Over 80% of summer climbers make use of the Happou mountain entrance route, which is located midway through the Bandai Golden Line (toll road).</p><br>
<p>A source of potable water, the Kogane Shimizu, is located partway through the Inawashiro, Urabandai B, Kawakami, and Shibutani routes, and is located 45 minutes from the mountain peak at 1500m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Another source of potable water, at the Koubou Shimizu, is passable by all routes except the Okinajima route. It is located 30 minutes from the peak, and its altitude is 1630m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>There are 2 shops at Koubou shimizu, which are open from early May to early October, and sell souvenirs, drinks and snacks, but are not accommodations. There are also restrooms, which are rented by the shopkeepers for ¥300. This stop is used also for checking routes and rest.</p><br>
<p>Due to the spillover effect, 1-seg signal for Yamagata-television and major four commercial broadcasting of Niigata prefecture (BSN,NST,TeNY and UX) can be received from the top of the mountain. The gentle slope along West Bantetsu line from near the Okina-jima station to Hirota station was formed by pyroclastic and non-pyroclastic flow of multiple eruptions over past years. The Goshiki-numa was created as a result of volcanic mud flow on Urabandai area from the 1888 eruption, and it carry away the large rock, called Mine-no-Ooishi, to its end of the north sector of the Iwashiro city.</p><br>
<p>Illampu is the fourth highest mountain in Bolivia. It is located in the northern section of the Cordillera Real, part of the Andes, east of Lake Titicaca. It lies just north of the slightly higher Janqu Uma, near the town of Sorata. Laguna Glaciar, located in the Illampu-Janqu Uma massif, is the 17th highest lake in the world.</p><br>
<p>Despite being lower than Janq&#39;u Uma, Illampu has a steeper peak, with more local relief, and is a somewhat harder climb. In fact it has "the hardest normal route on any of the 6,000 metre peaks in Bolivia." The easiest route, by the Southwest Ridge, is rated AD (Fairly Difficult), with snow slopes up to 65 degrees. It is accessed from a high camp on the north side of the massif. The peak was first climbed on June 7, 1928 via this route, by Hans Pfann, Alfred Horeschowsky, Hugo Hörtnagel (Germans) and Erwin Hein (Austrian). Other routes include the "German Route" on the southwest face and the South Face route, both approached from the west side of the massif.</p><br>
<p>Ancohuma or Janqu Uma  is the third highest mountain in Bolivia . It is located in the northern section of the Cordillera Real, part of the Andes, east of Lake Titicaca. It lies just south of the slightly lower Illampu, near the town of Sorata.</p><br>
<p>Despite being higher than Illampu, Ancohuma is a gentler peak, with less local relief, and it is a somewhat easier climb. The peak was first climbed in 1919, by Rudolf Dienst and Adolf Schulze. Their route, still the easiest, climbs the southwest face, and is rated PD (not very difficult). Other routes exist on the northwest ridge and the west face. Depending on the route desired, the mountain is approached either from the west or from the northeast; each approach requires two to three days from Sorata.</p><br>
<p>The Lapham–Patterson House is a historic site at 626 North Dawson Street in Thomasville, Georgia. The house, built between 1884-85 as a winter cottage for businessman C.W. Lapham of Chicago, is a significant example of Victorian architecture. It has a number of architectural details, such as fishscale shingles, an intricately designed porch, long-leaf pine inlaid floors, and a double-flue chimney. Inside, the house was well-appointed with a gas lighting system, hot and cold running water, indoor plumbing, and modern closets. Its most significant feature is its completely intentional lack of symmetry. None of the windows, doors, or closets are square. The house is a Georgia Historic Site and is also a National Historic Landmark, designated in 1973 for its architecture. It is also a contributing building in the National Register-listed Dawson Street Residential Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The three-story structure has a mellow-yellow exterior with brick-red roof and chimneys. At the core of the house is a hexagonal-shaped room. There are at least 50 exits; Mr. Lapham had been in the Great Chicago Fire and subsequently became paranoid about being trapped in a burning building.</p><br>
<p>The house was deliberately constructed slightly askew to take advantage of sunlight entering the third floor during the Spring and Fall Equinoxes. Within is a gentlemens parlor with a small stage featuring a stained-glass window in the center. In the fretwork outside the room over the balcony are animal and amorpheous shapes cut into the wood. In the center is a cutout of what is presumably the head of Mrs. OLeary&#39;s cow.</p><br>
<p>During the Spring and Fall Equinoxes the patterns are projected by sunlight onto the floor through the glass. The total effect is that, in the center of the stained glass windows colorful pattern on the floor, the shadow of the cows head can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Lapham was a Quaker but may have been deeply involved in the occult. Workers at the house have reported unusual occurrences which some have attributed to paranormal activity.</p><br>
<p>The Ashford Caves, located within the Kwiambal National Park, are a series of caves that contain an outcrop of coralline limestone and are located in the New England Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The caves are managed by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and are situated approximately 8 km west of the former Ashford coal mine, north of and not far from the Queensland border town of.</p><br>
<p>Originally on a private property, the Ashford Caves are now part of the Kwiambal National Park. A basic camping ground called Lemon Tree Flat is located within a 10 km radius of the cave entrance, as are the Macintyre Falls.</p><br>
<p>The large arch-shaped opening was made to access the phosphate (guano) resources for use as fertilizer, which has been quite profitable. Prospects of mining limestone at this location have been explored, but dismissed as unviable.</p><br>
<p>A colony of Eastern Bent-wing Bats inhabits the cave system and breeds from November through March.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Catholic Church was a parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, serving the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The parish was established in 1845, and a church was built in the same year. The entire church complex, including the rectory, convent and parish school, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The parish was closed by the archdiocese in 2002, after which the property was sold.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>As was common in the 19th century, the parish property included space for a cemetery, which was blessed in 1850. However, due to its small size, the cemetery had filled by 1868. There were about 600 people (mostly Irish immigrants from County Donegal) buried in the cemetery. After 1882, the city mapmakers ceased including it and the parish gradually forgot that it existed. As early as 1887, when the parish grammar school was built next to it, there seemed to be no recognition of the cemetery. It was nothing more than a field with no visible gravestones.</p><br>
<p>However, in the 1990s, a construction crew discovered a gravestone while digging a trench. The digging stopped, but no other artifacts were found. Again, in 2006, digging commenced. The parish property had been sold by the archdiocese and the parish needed confirmation that there were no longer human remains on site. When a bone was found, the Massachusetts Historical Commission investigated the site and discovered the forgotten graves. All of the remains that were found at St. Joseph Cemetery were re-interred at Calvary Cemetery in Waltham.</p><br>
<p>Mount Epperly is a 4,359 m or perhaps 4,512 m mountain in the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. It overlooks Cervellati Glacier to the northeast and Ramorino Glacier to the east-northeast. The peak was first climbed by Erhard Loretan, solo over the 2,100 m south face, on December 1, 1994. Loretan returned the next year and reclimbed the route for a film. In 1999, the American climbers Conrad Anker and Jim Donini failed in their attempt over the west ridge. The third successful ascent was by the Chilean Camilo Rada and Australian Damien Gildea via a new route over the south face in December 2007. Their GPS measurements on top suggested a height 153 m above the official one.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Nea Sinopi  is a village and a community of Preveza regional unit, in the region of Epirus, in western Greece. The community consists of the villages Nea Sinopi and Archangelos. It is situated between low hills, at about 40 m elevation. It is about 15 kilometers north of the town of Preveza. Its population in 2011 was 533 for the village, and 864 for the community.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archangelos and Neo Sinopi were founded in 1922, as a result of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Many of the refugees were from a village near modern Sinop.</p><br>
<h2>The Roman aqueduct</h2><br>
<p>In Archangelos, there are some remains of the Roman aqueduct of ancient Nicopolis. The Roman aqueduct, 50 km long, carried the water from the springs of Louros to two cisterns in the Nymphaeum of Nikopolis. It was constructed after the foundation of Nikopolis by Octavianus Augustus.</p><br>
<p>Lukanga Swamp is a major wetland in the Central Province of Zambia, about 50 km west of Kabwe. Its permanently swampy area consists of a roughly circular area with a diameter of 40 to 50 km covering 1850 km, plus roughly 250 km in the mouths of and along rivers discharging into it such as the Lukanga River from the north-east, plus another 500 km either side of the Kafue River to the west and north-west, making 2600 km in total. It contains many lagoons such as Lake Chiposhye and Lake Suye but few large channels, and its average depth is only 1.5 m.</p><br>
<h2>River connections and floodplains</h2><br>
<p>The permanent swamp is surrounded by a seasonally-inundated floodplain, varying from about 5 to 25 km wide in the south and east, up to 40 km in the north, and reaching the Kafue River and its swamps 25 km to the west and north-west. When the Kafue floods it overflows north-west through the normally dry Mwinuna channel and into the lower Lukanga River, while another channel drains out of the swamp back into the Kafue in the south-west. The Kafue meanders through its own swamps which are up to 10 km wide and extend for 90 km along the river. Numerous short rivers and streams flow into the swamp from the south, east and north, of which the Lukanga is the largest. In the rainy season the floodplains are inundated increasing the area of the wetland to 6000 km, reaching a maximum of 8000 km at the peak flooding of a good rainy season.</p><br>
<h2>Human population and fishing</h2><br>
<p>There are several inhabited islands of higher ground which stay dry through the rainy season, mainly in an arc along the western edge of the permanent swamp, such as Chilwa Island and Chiposha Island. In addition the swamp contains floating islands of papyrus which support temporary fishing camps. No seasonal roads or bridges reach into the permanently swampy areas, and only one road crosses any part of the floodplain to any extent, a dry-season road from Kabwe (with a feeder from Mpongwe) going through Mukobwe and Ibondo to a ferry across the Kafue and on to Ngabwe. Two other dirt tracks come from Mumbwa in the south to the river near Mswebe and to the floodplain at Mwanamulambo. Despite its central location in the country, the Lukanga Swamp remains relatively inaccessible and even today government authorities in Kabwe and Lusaka have relatively little knowledge of or effect on the area.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of villages mainly around the north-east, east and southern floodplain practise traditional methods of fishing in the swamps and farm the edge of the floodplain. There is no commercial fishing of any size, but FAO reported a 1980 estimate of 2600 t for the fish catch, sold in the markets of Lusaka, Kabwe, and the Copperbelt. A more recent report puts the figure at 1,200 t and notes declining catches due to over-fishing.</p><br>
<p>There are some smaller commercial farms especially near the Great North Road which passes within 10 km of the floodplain at the south-eastern edge. Several large commercial farms and plantations, some with dry-season irrigation, have been established on the north side of the floodplain.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and conservation issues</h2><br>
<p>The floodplain is classed as the Zambezian flooded grasslands ecoregion, and the surrounding woodland savanna is the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion, except on the south-east side which is Zambezian and mopane woodlands ecoregion. Flooded grasslands are considered to be productive and diverse owing to the nutrients brought by the flood and the fact they provide both grazing and aquatic habitats.</p><br>
<p>The miombo woodland west of the Kafue River is a game management area stretching as far as Kafue National Park. Lukanga Swamp therefore could be considered a potential extension of that rich wildlife haven.</p><br>
<p>Lukanga Swamp is home to 316 reported bird species. It supports populations of hippopotamus, and crocodile, and is considered an important site for conservation of lechwe, oribi, marsh mongoose, sitatunga, bushbuck, and python. The western side is visited by elephant, buffalo, eland and roan antelope. In 2000 the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) was reported to be under-resourced in the area and the swamps "are virtually unprotected, and poaching is excessive".</p><br>
<p>Deforestation for charcoal production and for slash and burn and other types of farming is also reported as a major threat to the Lukanga Swamp ecosystem mainly</p><br>
<p>because it results in erosion of the land, turbidity of the water and siltation. In nearly all areas north-east of the swamp forests have been cleared especially for charcoal production, and land clearing for farming has been extensive on the north-east, east and southern sides of the swamp. Only the western side remains relatively untouched. The development of a tourism industry in the area, which (as has been seen for the national parks) results in greater wildlife conservation efforts, depends on providing access to this part from Mumbwa or Kabwe.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of Lukanga Swamp</h2><br>
<p>The nearly circular shape of the main permanent swamp has led to speculation that Lukanga Swamp may be an impact crater (astrobleme) formed by the impact of a meteorite. accessed 1 March 2007. S. Master & W. U. Reimold: “The Impact Cratering Record of Africa: An Updated Inventory of Proven,</p><br>
<p>Probable, Possible, and Discredited Impact Structures on the African</p><br>
<p>Continent.” Catastrophic Events Conference.</p><br>
<p>However research on the ground in 2002 found no evidence of impact shock in rocks of the area, concluding that the Lukanga Swamp is not an astrobleme.</p><br>
<p>Katongo C. Koeberl C. Reimold W.U. Mubu S.: “Remote sensing, field studies, petrography, and geochemistry of rocks in central Zambia: no evidence of a meteoritic impact in the area of the Lukanga Swamp.” Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 35, Number 3, October 2002, pp. 365-384. Accessed 1 March 2007. In the absence of other research data the origin of the swamp is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Königstuhl, is a 567.8 m high hill in the Odenwald Mountains and in the city of Heidelberg, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The Königstuhl summit allows visitors a spectacular view of the city of Heidelberg and the Neckar river. On days with good conditions the view extends to the Pfaelzerwald , which is roughly 40–50 km away.</p><br>
<p>The hill is linked to Kornmarkt, in Heidelberg&#39;s Altstadt, by the Heidelberger Bergbahn, a two section historic funicular railway that stops at the Heidelberg Castle, located on the lower slopes of the Königstuhl, and the Molkenkur restaurant/hotel and the ultimate stop at the mountain top which host a restaurant, an entertainment park for kids and various walking paths.</p><br>
<p>The Max Planck Institute for Astronomy is located near the summit of the Königstuhl, as is the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory, established in 1898. Between 1912 and 1957, Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth discovered almost 400 asteroids whilst working from this observatory.</p><br>
<p>Several telecommunications facilities are located on the Königstuhl, including the Fernsehturm Heidelberg (Digital TV (DVB-T), Radio and Microwave), the Telecom Telecommunication Tower Heidelberg (Microwave and FM) and the now inactive Telecommunication Tower of US-Forces Heidelberg (Microwave).</p><br>
<p>The Anna–Dean Farm is a historic farm in Barberton, Ohio, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is the site of several structures independently listed on the Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Anna–Dean farm was a concept of American industrialist O.C. Barber who envisioned a superfarm on the outskirts of Barberton, and to that end he began purchasing land for the eventual 3,500 acre farm as early as 1900.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the farm facilities began in 1907 with a concrete poultry building but would not truly begin in earnest until 1909 when Barber undertook a massive construction project that would last until 1913. With an estimated daily construction budget of over $1,000 and an overall cost of some $7 million the farm had swelled to a collection of 35 independent structures. While Barber claims in his own book a total of 102 structures it is likely he included in his tally preexisting structures that had been incorporated into the farm during its expansion.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the farm was the 52 room Beaux Arts style mansion Barber constructed in 1909 to 1910. According to the Barberton Historical Society, it was demolished in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Following Barber&#39;s death in 1920, the majority of the structures on the farm were demolished. Efforts by the Barberton Historical Society have succeeded in preserving and restoring 6 of the original buildings, with 2 others still standing in other private possession.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the farm itself, the following buildings on the farmstead are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places:</p><br>
<p>O. C. Barber Barn No. 1</p><br>
<p>O. C. Barber Colt Barn</p><br>
<p>O. C. Barber Creamery</p><br>
<p>O. C. Barber Machine Barn</p><br>
<p>O. C. Barber Piggery</p><br>
<p>Grizzly Peak is a high and prominent mountain summit of the Collegiate Peaks in the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 4,265.6 m thirteener is located 4.2 km south-southwest  of Independence Pass, Colorado, United States, on the Continental Divide separating San Isabel National Forest and Chaffee County from White River National Forest and Pitkin County.</p><br>
<h2>Elevation</h2><br>
<p>Grizzly Peak is the highest summit in the United States less than 14,000 ft, making it the highest thirteener in the country. At one time, the peak&#39;s elevation was measured to be over 14,000 feet and was believed to be a fourteener, but more recent and accurate surveys have dropped it below that threshold.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is composed of andesite lava flows and breccias of Oligocene age.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Grizzly Mountain</p><br>
<p>Grizzly Peak</p><br>
<h2>Other summits with same name</h2><br>
<p>Grizzly Peak is not only the name of Colorado&#39;s highest thirteener, but the state has four other Grizzly Peaks plus one Grizzly Mountain on the list:</p><br>
<p>2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, also known as The Shops at 2000 Penn and Red Lion Row, is a shopping center and eight-story office complex located on Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C. It forms a busy gateway into the main campus of the George Washington University, which owns the property. As the 2000 Block of Eye Street, NW, the houses were named a DC Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places, both in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The original buildings on the site were thirteen row houses constructed between 1831 and 1896. The homes were located on a block bordered by H, I, 20th, and 21st Streets, NW. The houses were mostly initially owned by merchants, who kept small shops inside. The block originally faced Western Market, founded in 1803; the site of the market is a park today.</p><br>
<p>The largest unit in the block was a corner structure, at 832 20th St. and 2004 I St. Three stories tall, it was constructed with a flat roof and metal cornice; imitation stone covered the facade. The building began life as a pair of independent shops, owned separately, before later being combined. The earliest Washington city directory, published in 1822, lists a grocery store owned by Christian and Matthew Hines on the corner. Grocers have continued to occupy the site into the twentieth century. The corner store was sold in 1837 to Samuel Stott, whose family owned it for decades thereafter. The current building, believed to be his work, was known by the middle of the century as "Stott&#39;s Hall". Its third floor was a public hall. Though the exact date of its construction is uncertain, in 1869 the assessed value of 832 20th St. rocketed from $2500 to $6000, indicating a major remodeling; it is believed that the current building was built at an earlier date and remodeled around that year. The construction date of 2004 I St. is unknown, but it is believed that the house was built at around the same time as its neighbor. This structure was owned by Owen Murray, a grocer, in 1869; he sold it to Stott in 1876. Other occupants of the property included Francis Jarboe, George Fillebrown, and William Brown, the latter running a grocery store on the site beginning in 1872 and continuing past the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>2006 I St. was constructed in the Greek Revival style around 1846, and has been remodeled several times since then. It is distinguished by its cornice, deep and with wooden dentil blocks. The original owners of the house were the Murray family, who were probably its builders as well. Owen Murray operated his grocery elsewhere on the block between 1843 and 1853; later, at 2006, one Patrick Murray is listed in 1863 as owning a restaurant in the space. Beginning in 1869 John Leamy appears in the city directory as a restaurateur in the same place, continuing until 1871; in 1876 John Ohl is listed as proprietor of a restaurant and saloon. He purchased the building from the Murrays; he continued to own it past 1888, when its occupant, John Werner, kept a saloon on the site. The building has continued to serve in various commercial capacities, including again as a restaurant recently.</p><br>
<p>2018 I St. was constructed in 1886. Its builder was carpenter Richard Fowler, member of the firm F.A. Conrad & Co. and resident in the neighborhood. The house, in Victorian style, has a corbeled brick cornice; its pressed brick facade, unaltered since it was built, is broken by a variety of arched windows, in different sizes. The house is three stories tall, with four bays and a flat roof. A combined residential and commercial space, the house was built for the Eikers, a family of merchants – Isaac Eiker and his sons, who sold butter, had moved to the site in 1876, and family members ether ran stalls in several area markets or were the proprietors of grocery stores. They owned the building well into the 20th century; more recently, it has served as office space.</p><br>
<p>2022 and 2024 I St. were constructed by former DC territorial governor Alexander Robey Shepherd between 1874 and 1875. They were the central two units in a row of four, and were built as mirror images of each other, under a mansard roof. Not long after the buildings were completed, Shepherd sold 2022 I St., to Isaac Filbert, a contractor; Arthur W. Fairfax, a grocer, was listed as the building&#39;s tenant in 2022. His family continued to own it until it was purchased by the Foley Company in 1960. Shepherd continued to own the house at 2024 I. St., likely renting it out until his flight from the city, whereupon it was handed over to his creditors.</p><br>
<p>2040 I St. and 825 21st St. were completed in 1879 by Robert Earl, along with a third unit (2038 I St.), now demolished. Earl is listed in records as having lived in the neighborhood, on H St. between 20th and 21st, as early as 1830; for over forty years he ran a livery stable nearby. His son, Charles, took over in 1874, moving the business a short distance to 19th St. 2040 I St. is not owned by George Washington University, the only structure on the block which is under different ownership.</p><br>
<h3>Later uses</h3><br>
<p>By the time George Washington University took possession of the houses, some were vacant, and the block was generally in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>Battles to preserve the row of houses began in October 1976, when the developer who owned several of them began demolishing the house at 2022 I St. Dont Tear It Down (forerunner to the DC Preservation League), a group of historical preservationists organized in 1971 to save the Old Post Office building from destruction, convinced a judge to order a temporary restraining order stopping destruction, as a request to declare the entire block a historic landmark was pending at the time. The developer then attempted, in November, to demolish the house at 2030 I St. this structure was already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, however, and the state historic preservation officer invoked a delay of 180 days. Discussions with the community did not even begin until the 179th day, and a thirty-day extension to the stay was granted. When this expired, the developer began demolition of the house; preservationists managed to get a restraining order in time to preserve the front half of the structure. Citing the requirement for "meaningful discussion" as laid out in a previous historic preservation case, Dont Tear It Down argued that they had not been able to adequately present their case; while the presiding judge stated that "meaningful discussion" was "beyond the court’s comprehension", he nevertheless issued an injunction preventing further demolition before the case could be heard by the DC Court of Appeals. In the event, historic preservation legislation was passed in 1978 before final adjudication, saving the buildings from destruction. The current design of the property is the result of discussions with local preservation groups.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the office building, between 1982 and 1983, involved demolishing the backs of the houses while retaining their facades; it was the first time the practice of partial demolition was used in Washington, DC. The thirteen buildings were joined together during construction of the shops and office building; some of their original materials were retained for the finished product. Work began on the complex on December 28, 1982; it was named on October 19, 1983. In addition to office space, the complex contains restaurants and other commercial establishments, including a Bertucci&#39;s and a CVS Pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>The office building has sometimes been called the Cruise Ship Building due to its appearance. The block as a whole is sometimes called Red Lion Row, a name taken from Lindy&#39;s Red Lion pub which is situated at its corner.</p><br>
<p>The Klasies River Caves are a series of caves located to the east of the Klasies River mouth on the Tsitsikamma coast in the Humansdorp district of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The three main caves and two shelters at the base of a high cliff have revealed evidence of middle stone age-associated human habitation from approximately 125,000 years ago. The 20 m thick deposits were accumulated from 125,000 years ago. Around 75,000 years ago, during cave remodelling, the stratigraphic sediments were moved out into external middens.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the South African government submitted a proposal to add the caves to the list of World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<p>From 1960, Ronald Singer, Ray Inskeep, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon, Richard Klein and others suggested the excavation yielded the earliest known remains of anatomically modern humans and behaviourally modern humans in the world. Further analysis suggested that those specimens fall "outside the range of modern variation".</p><br>
<h2>Middle Stone Age behaviour</h2><br>
<p>There is a 20 m thick accumulation of deposits, both inside the caves and outside against the cliff face, proving that Klasies River Mouth people knew how to hunt small game, fish (later), gather plants and roots, cook by roasting on hearths, and manage their land (later). There is extensive evidence of shellfish collecting; MSA stone artefact technology; general organisation of the settlement; and land/veld management by fire.</p><br>
<p>While Middle Stone Age (MSA) assemblage associated with those people are described as anatomically modern, there is ongoing debate about when they were also behaviourally modern.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of 14 proximal ulnar dimensions compared to morphological properties of African archaic humans, and Levantine Mousterian, archaic European humans, west Asian and, European Upper Paleolithic, African Epipaleolithic and recent modern human also of recent African descent suggest an archaic total morphological pattern for the KRM specimens. "MSA-associated humans from KRM may not be as modern as has been claimed from the craniofacial material"</p><br>
<p>The hominin specimens include cranial fragments, mandibles with teeth, and a few postcranial remains: ulna and five metatarsal bones.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>The artifacts and bones were originally reported by Paul Haslem and Ludwig Abel, then in 1960 Ray Inskeep and Ronald Singer identified the artifacts as Middle Stone Age. In 1967 and 1968 Ronald Singer and John Wymer started extensive excavations, with their initial findings published in 1972 by the University of Chicago Press. Since 1984 research has been continued by Hilary Deacon.</p><br>
<p>The site is now protected by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), and the Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Locations</h2><br>
<p>The five caves are dotted eastwards along the coast within 2 kilometres of Klasies River mouth, and the complete stretch to Druipkelder Point is designated as a National heritage site.</p><br>
<p>(Locations – best viewed in Google Earth)</p><br>
<p>Klasies River Mouth at 34&deg;6&prime;22.32&Prime;S latitude, 24&deg;23&prime;13.42&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Klasies Main Site, Caves 1 & 2, at 34&deg;6&prime;29.17&Prime;S latitude, 24&deg;23&prime;24.50&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Klasies Caves 3 & 4 at 34&deg;6&prime;39.55&Prime;S latitude, 24&deg;23&prime;43.83&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Klasies Cave 5 at 34&deg;6&prime;52.63&Prime;S latitude, 24&deg;24&prime;3.31&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>The Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Endion Depot is a historic railroad depot in Duluth, Minnesota. The station was formerly located at the corner of South Street and 15th Avenue East, but due to the extension of Interstate 35 along the shore of Lake Superior in 1985, the building was relocated to the Canal Park area.</p><br>
<p>The Duluth and Iron Range Railroad originally built its line from Duluth to Two Harbors in 1886. Endion was originally a small settlement outside of Duluth, but Duluth later absorbed Endion and other small communities surrounding it. The railroad stop at Endion was its first stop after it left Duluth. The railroad built the depot in 1899 to satisfy the demand for a depot for passenger and freight services in the neighborhood. At its peak, the depot served six incoming and outgoing trains per day. In 1938, the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad merged with the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railroad, with the name of Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway as the result. With the decline in passenger railroad service, the depot stopped serving passenger traffic in 1961. It continued to serve freight until 1978, when it was closed.</p><br>
<p>The building is architecturally significant because it was one of the last remaining small passenger depots in Duluth. It features fine brick and stone architectural detailing and craftsmanship. The stone came from the Kettle River quarries near Sandstone, Minnesota. The building is designed with projecting gables that form a transept. Its architect, I. Vernon Hill, went on to have a distinctive impact on the architecture of Duluth in the early 20th century, using the projecting gables as a trademark. The design is a variation on the Richardsonian Romanesque style popular in the 1880s and 1890s, though its small scale is less imposing than larger Richardsonian Romanesque buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building is now a bar called the "Endion Station Public House" which opened in July 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Memorial is a grave marker located in Section E of Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C., featuring a cast bronze allegorical sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The shrouded figure is seated against a granite block which forms one side of a hexagonal plot, designed by architect Stanford White. Across a small light-toned granite plaza, a comfortable stone bench invites visitors to rest and meditate. The whole is sheltered by a close screen of dense conifers, more dense and uniform in 2015 than in the photograph to the right.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Erected in 1891, the monument was commissioned by author/historian Henry Adams (a member of the Adams political family) as a memorial to his wife, Marian "Clover" Hooper Adams. Marian Adams, suffering from depression, had died by suicide through the ingestion of potassium cyanide, which she otherwise used to develop photographs. Adams advised Saint-Gaudens to contemplate iconic images from Buddhist devotional art. One such subject, Kannon (also known as Guan Yin, the Bodhisattva of compassion), is frequently depicted as a seated figure draped in cloth. In particular, a painting of Kannon by Kanō Motonobu, in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and shown to Saint-Gaudens by John LaFarge, is said to have played a major role in influencing the conception and design of this sculpture. Henry Adams, who traveled to Japan with LaFarge ostensibly to find inspiration for this memorial, particularly wanted elements of serenely immovable Buddhist human figures to be contrasted with the waterfall-like robe associated with Kannon. In addition to the still and flowing elements, the monument&#39;s dualism includes male-female fusion in the figure itself and blends Asian and European ideals of figure. These checks to the standard heroic figure combine to make a "countermonument" for a woman who disliked monuments generally. Saint-Gaudens may also have been influenced by Parisian funerary art from his stay in France.</p><br>
<p>Saint-Gaudens&#39;s name for the bronze figure is The Mystery of the Hereafter and The Peace of God that Passeth Understanding, but the public commonly called it Grief&mdash;an appellation that Henry Adams apparently disliked. In a letter addressed to Homer Saint-Gaudens, on January 24, 1908, Adams instructed him:</p><br>
<p>"Do not allow the world to tag my figure with a name! Every magazine writer wants to label it as some American patent medicine for popular consumption&mdash;Grief, Despair, Pears Soap, or Macys Mens&#39; Suits Made to Measure. Your father meant it to ask a question, not to give an answer; and the man who answers will be damned to eternity like the men who answered the Sphinx."</p><br>
<p>In his The Education... Henry Adams reflects on the statue and its interpreters: "His first step, on returning to Washington, took him out to the cemetery known as Rock Creek, to see the bronze figure which St. Gaudens had made for him in his absence....in all that it had to say, he never once thought of questioning what it meant. He supposed its meaning to be the one commonplace about it - the oldest idea known to human thought....As Adams sat there, numbers of people came, for the figure seemed to have become a tourist fashion, and all wanted to know its meaning.... Like all great artists, St. Gaudens held up the mirror and no more."</p><br>
<p>At the time of Saint-Gaudens&#39;s death, the statue was well known as an important work of American sculpture. Its popularity inspired at least one prominent copy, the Black Aggie, which was sold to General Felix Agnus for his gravesite.</p><br>
<p>An informative and engaging study of the memorial and the relationship between Clover and Henry Adams is Clover: The Tragic Love Story of Clover and Henry Adams and Their Brilliant Life in America&#39;s Gilded Age by historian Otto Friedrich.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 1972, the Adams Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Cnoc an Fhreiceadain  is a coastal mountain peak in northern Scotland. It is 307 m high with commanding views along the north coast of Scotland to Orkney in the east to Durness and Arkle in the West. It lies in the parish of Tongue with the crofting township of Coldbackie at its foot and looks across the Kyle of Tongue and Tongue Bay to the Rabbit Islands.</p><br>
<p>Cnoc an Fhreiceadain is an Old Red Sandstone conglomerate, and dates from the Paleozoic era, around 400 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 as part of the BBC&#39;s Top Gear motoring programme, Jeremy Clarkson drove a Land Rover Discovery 3 from sea level to the summit of Cnoc an Fhreiceadain. The programme was criticised by the Mountaineering Council for Scotland for the potential impact of the climb on peat bogs and heather environments.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope Bay is a tidal estuary located at the mouth of the Taunton River on the Massachusetts and Rhode Island border. It is an arm of Narragansett Bay. The bay is named after Mount Hope, a small hill located on its western shore in what is now Bristol, Rhode Island. It flows into the East Passage of Narragansett Bay and also the Sakonnet River. Mount Hope Bay has played an important role to the history of the area, from pre-colonial times to the present. While many years of sewage and industrial pollution have severely degraded the quality of the shallow waters of the bay, there are currently major efforts underway to clean up and restore it.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hope Bay is part of the Narragansett Basin, formed as a rift in the Avalon terrane. It is underlaid by sedimentary rocks estimated to be several miles thick. The bay covers an area of about 13 square miles (36 square km), with an average depth of 18.7 feet, although portions of the southern end of the bay are as deep as 74 feet near the Mount Hope Bridge.</p><br>
<p>At the north end of the bay are the towns of Warren, Rhode Island, Swansea, Massachusetts, and Somerset, Massachusetts. The eastern shore of the bay consists of the city of Fall River, Massachusetts and the town of Tiverton, Rhode Island. Portsmouth, Rhode Island is located at the southern end of the bay at the northern tip of Aquidneck Island. Bristol, Rhode Island forms the western shore of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 70 percent of the bay is located within Rhode Island. However, nearly 90 percent of its drainage area is located within Massachusetts. Its main tributary is the Taunton River, and several smaller rivers drain directly into the bay, including the Quequechan River, Lee&#39;s River, Cole River, and Kickamuit River. A small sand bar known as Spar Island is located in the middle of the bay just south of the Rhode Island border.</p><br>
<p>The perimeter of the bay is crossed by three roadway bridges: the Sakonnet River Bridge to the southeast, the Charles M. Braga Jr. Memorial Bridge to the north, and the Mount Hope Bridge to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope Bay contains a 35 foot-deep shipping channel maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers as part of their Fall River Harbor project. A privately maintained, 34 feet-deep channel extends from the main ACOE channel to the Brayton Point Power Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hope Bay was once part of the Wampanoag Nation, and the site of early events of King Philip&#39;s War in 1675.</p><br>
<p>For nearly 200 years, the area of the bay was part of a boundary dispute between the states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, which was finally settled by the United States Supreme Court in 1862.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope Bay has played an important part in the industrial history of the city of Fall River, which is located on its eastern shore. The bay provides access to the city for ocean-going vessels, including for many years the passenger ships of the Fall River Line.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the 1,500 megawatt Brayton Point Power Station was built by the New England Power Company in Somerset, Massachusetts at the north end of the bay. It has the largest capacity of any power plant in New England. For many years, the plant has relied on the waters of the bay as part of its cooling process. This has led to severe thermal pollution, resulting in periodic fish kills. After years of lawsuits and various environmental government action, current owner Dominion Resources spent approximately $500 million building two 500-foot tall cooling towers and upgrading the cooling system to prevent pollution of the bay.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the City of Fall River completed the first phase of a $185 million Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) abatement project, designed to drastically reduce the amount of sewage overflows that occur during periods of heavy rains. The project is expected to be completed by 2018.</p><br>
<p>Milies  is a village in the municipal unit of Istiaia on Euboea island, Greece. Milies is located 15 km east of the town Istiaia, northwest of Chalkida and about 3 hours from the Greek capital city of Athens. Its population in 2011 was 169. Its elevation is 460 m. It was an independent community until 1997 when it became a part of the municipality of Istiaia.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The modern village resulted from the merger of two previous settlements, Palaiovrysi (Παλαιόβρυση) and Karytsa (Καρύτσα), around the time of the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Local tradition has it that some inhabitants later left to escape pirate attacks, and founded the village of Milies on Mount Pelion. Archaeological excavations in the nearby Lavrentis hill have shown the site to have been inhabited since Antiquity, with remains from the Classical and the Hellenistic periods discovered.</p><br>
<p>Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park is a state park of Arizona in the United States. Located in Tombstone, the park preserves the original Cochise County courthouse. The two-story building, constructed in 1882 in the Victorian style, is laid out in the shape of a cross and once contained various county offices, including those of the sheriff, recorder, treasurer, and the Board of Supervisors as well as courtrooms and a jail. Inside, the courthouse contains a museum with numerous artifacts from the town’s history while outside, a replica gallows has been constructed in the courtyard to mark the spot where seven men were hanged for various crimes. The park was one of the first to be designated as a state park and in 1959 was the first to open following the 1957 establishment of the Arizona State Parks Board.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the 1877 discovery of silver ore by prospector Ed Schieffelin in southeastern Arizona, the town of Tombstone was founded and grew rapidly as miners flooded the area in the hope of finding their fortunes. The town of Tombstone was incorporated in 1879. By 1881 the town had grown to more than 7,000 population; stage robberies were no longer novel events. But more important than the lawlessness, Tombstone miners and merchants had to travel 150 dusty roundtrip miles to Tucson to record mining claims, deeds, contracts, etc. at the Pima County Courthouse. At the time, the area was part of Pima County with the county seat Tucson being a rugged two-day, 70-mile journey away. In 1881, as a result of these incentives, and aided by a shrewd agreement with the Prescott delegation to the Territorial Legislature, the residents of the thriving boomtown voted to separate from Pima County and the territorial legislature subsequently formed a new county, Cochise County. Cochise county was formed in 1881 from the eastern part of Pima County, and Tombstone became its seat (The Territorial Capital stayed at Prescott rather than moving to Tucson).</p><br>
<p>A new courthouse was built the following year and housed all of the county’s offices. The Sheriff of Cochise County had his office on the ground floor, first door to the right, when the new courthouse was built in 1882. Sheriff John Behan and his successors gradually instilled the idea that the proper arena for conflict was the courtroom upstairs rather than the street. Except for the Earp - Clanton feud, which gave Tombstone an extremely bad press from which it has no interest in recovering, citizens gladly accepted the proffered alternative. The Tombstone courthouse represents a practical solution to the problem of securing lives and property in unorganized or poorly governed territory. It was put into effect quickly, without fumbling by men practiced in the process through their experience in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, where mining rushes had carried them in the past.</p><br>
<p>Tombstone remained the county seat until 1929, when outvoted by a growing Bisbee, and the county seat was moved there. The last county office left the courthouse in 1931. Except for an ill-fated attempt to convert the courthouse into a hotel during the 1940s, the building stood vacant until 1955. When the Tombstone Restoration Commission acquired it, they began the courthouse rehabilitation and the development as a historical museum that has continued to operate as a state park since 1959. It features exhibits and thousands of artifacts which tell of Tombstone&#39;s colorful past.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse in Tombstone is an elegant example of Territorial Victorian. The building is a well-integrated, stylish, yet sober and restrained culmination of that tradition When Maricopa County built its courthouse a few years later, they cribbed liberally from Tombstone&#39;s example. The Tombstone courthouse is the oldest courthouse still standing in Arizona, At the time it was built it was one of the largest buildings in Arizona Territory.</p><br>
<p>The building measures 76 feet in total width; the "shaft" of the cruciform structure measures 40 feet wide; the east and west wings project nineteen feet from the main structure and are 30 feet long. The first segment to be built is 88 feet long overall. The addition to the jail and courtroom brought the total to 116 feet in length. The building is a two-story red brick structure built with five courses of runners and one of headers. Exterior angles are quoined with white stone and/white stone "dripstone course" separates the lower and upper half of the building. A one story cupola or observation tower with a mansard roof wears a lacy gingerbread cresting that creates a kind of "widows walk" atop all. Fenestration is symmetrical. The double-hung eight-pane windows, are set in heavy frames topped by a bracketed, heavy "territorial" cornice that echoes the strongly accented pediments atop each end wall of the building. The eave-line is deeply recessed and strongly accented with simple dentils as are the pediments of the gable ends. This theme is repeated on a smaller scale on the cupola pediments. Elegantly slim chimneys once served every room but are now reduced to two. An iron spiral stair ascends the southeast corner to the courtroom. Formerly another arose from the jail below the courtroom directly to the prisoners table. It replaced an elevator which proved unsatisfactory. The front entrance porch is carried by four square pillars, two free and two attached, all have a large groove on each face. It is topped by a balustrade. The porch cornice is dentated.</p><br>
<p>The main portion of the Tombstone Courthouse was built in 1882 at a cost of $50,000. An addition to the rear was built in 1904. The building served as Cochise County courthouse until 1929 when the county seat was moved to Bisbee. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
